This paper reports a case study aimed at optimizing the stream gauge network of the Hantan River Basin in Korea. The dimensionless synthetic unit hydrographs at all potential stream gauge locations were derived and compared by using the distance measure of entropy theory. Based on cluster analysis of the transinformations among stream gauge stations, the entire basin could be divided into four regions with similar subbasin responses. One stream gauge per region would be sufficient to measure the basin response to rainfall input. The optimal set of stream gauges was also derived by applying the concept of maximum total information, where a total of seven stream gauges was found to be needed for the entire Hantan River Basin. However, both applications produced very similar shapes of subbasin clustering over the Hantan River Basin. In particular, most subbasins along the main stream were included in the same group in both cases. Most subbasins in a specific tributary were also found to be included in the same cluster.
Many watershed models simulate overland and instream microbial fate and transport, but few actually provide loading rates on land surfaces and point sources to the water body network. This paper describes the underlying general equations for microbial loading rates associated with 1) landapplied manure on undeveloped areas from domestic animals; 2) direct shedding on undeveloped lands by domestic animals and wildlife; 3) urban or engineered areas; and 4) point sources that directly discharge to streams from septic systems and shedding by domestic animals. A microbial source module, which houses these formulations, is linked within a workflow containing eight models and a set of databases that form a loosely configured modeling infrastructure which supports watershed-scale microbial source-to-receptor modeling by focusing on animal-impacted catchments. A hypothetical example application – accessing, retrieving, and using real-world data – demonstrates the ability of the infrastructure to automate many of the manual steps associated with a standard watershed assessment, culminating with calibrated flow and microbial densities at the pour point of a watershed.
As various disasters and safety accidents frequently occur, people's expectations regarding safety management are gradually increasing. The importance of disaster and safety management is especially magnified due to successive accidents. These include fires in complex buildings and hospitals, inversion of cranes, paralysis of a communication network by a fire in the KT underground cable tunnel, rupture of pipelines in district heating systems, derailment of a KTX train, etc. To strengthen the generalization and mediation functions for disaster management and improve the disaster management system, the Ministry of the Interior and Safety introduced the safety audit and inspection system. This study suggests plans for the establishment and improvement of the system in the early part of its implementation. This includes a theoretical discussion on the safety audit and inspection, an investigation of the current organization in Wide-Area Units of the Local Government, and drawing plans for the establishment and improvement of the system. As a result, efficient planning for the safety audit and inspection, expansion of manpower, enhancement of the organization's status, and establishment of a system for the safety audit and inspection were suggested.
Although zero-order basins (geomorphic hollows) are important components of headwater catchments, their hydrologic regime has not been thoroughly investigated. A multi-tank model approach is used to simulate flow from zero-order basins in Hitachi Ohta Experimental Watershed, Japan, and simulations are compared with six months of wet season flows. A three-tank model accurately simulated runoff for the 6-month period from basin (FA) with two zero-order basins and deep soils, whereas a two-tank model performed satisfactorily in a zero-order basin with shallower soils (ZB). Characteristics of flow paths were evaluated and the concept of "threshold response" was assessed in simulations. In FA, preferential flow from the upper outlet of Tank 1 only occurred during the two largest storms; no overland flow was simulated. Less rapid subsurface flow emitted from the side outlet of Tank 2 during large and several moderate-size storms. During small storms, no overland, preferential, or subsurface flows occurred. Water depth in Tank 3, which indicates shallow groundwater storage in FA, is highly correlated with 30-day antecedent rainfall. The concept of "threshold response" is evidenced by intermittent quick and moderate flows from Tanks 1 and 2, respectively.
Integrated Environmental Modeling (IEM) organizes multidisciplinary knowledge that explains and predicts environmental-system response to stressors. A Quantitative Microbial Risk Assessment (QMRA) is an approach integrating a range of disparate data (fate/transport, exposure, and human health effects relationships) to characterize potential health impacts/risks from exposure to pathogenic microorganisms. We demonstrate loosely connected IEM legacy technologies (SDMProjectBuilder, Microbial Source Module, HSPF, and BASINS) to support watershed-scale microbial source-to-receptor modeling, focusing on animal-impacted catchments. The coupled models automate manual steps in standard watershed assessments to expedite the process, minimize resources, increase ease of use, and introduce more science-based processes to the analysis. SDMProjectBuilder accesses, retrieves, analyzes, and caches web-based data. The Microbial Source Module provides estimates of microbial loading rates within a watershed; HSPF simulates flow and microbial fate/transport within a watershed; and BASINS provides a user interface to access/modify HSPF files and provide visualization tools. The assessment performs HUC-12 or pour point analyses; automates watershed delineation and data-collection; pre-populates HSPF input requirements, accounting for snow accumulation/melt, microbial fate/transport, and different time increments (hourly, daily, etc.); assigns NLDAS radar meteorological data automatically to individual HUC-12s when observed data are scarce, incorrect, or insufficient; and processes manure-based source terms to estimate manure/microbial loads on subwatersheds automatically, based on number of animals, septic systems, etc. that correlate to land-use patterns.
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