1128 Objectives As reported earlier, we have developed a new linker, (N-(4-isothiocyanatobenzyl)-2-(3-(tributyl stannyl) phenyl) acetamide (FCCS12026), for the preparation of more stable radioiodinated antibodies. Herein, we have evaluated utility of the FCCS12026 to cetuximab, an internalizing monoclonal antibody, on the aspect of target binding and internalizing characteristics. Methods [125I]-Cetuximab was prepared using the Chloramine T method. For indirect labeling of cetuximab, FCCS12026 was labeled with 125I by chloramine T to give, N-(4-Isothiocyanatobenzyl)-2-(3-[125I]phenyl)acetamide ([125I]-FCCS12027), and conjugated with cetuximab. Cell binding and internalization assays were performed in 6 cell lines (FaDu, H1376, A431, NCI-H727, NCI-H1299, NCI-H460). And the immunoreactive fraction was estimated from the cell binding data by the Lindmo method. Results [125I]-FCCS12027-Cetuximab had 1.8~4.5 fold higher specific binding values than [125I]-Cetuximab in 6 cell lines. Averaged immunoreactive fractions of [125I]-Cetuximab and [125I]-FCCS12027-Cetuximab were 0.4 and 0.7, respectively. The internalization ratio of [125I]-FCCS12027-Cetuximab was similar to that of [125I]-Cetuximab in each 6 cell lines. Conclusions All the results indicate that [125I]-FCCS12027-Cetuximab has great potential for specific radiolocalization and inactivation of tumor cells. Consequently, the use of a new linker might significantly improve the therapeutic efficacy and decrease in undesirable uptake of radiation to normal tissues during radioimmunotherapies.
Blood coagulation and aggregation of platelet are crucial events in the pathogenesis of various ischemic diseases. The substance which can prevent blood coagulation and platelet aggregation was extracted from wood ear mushroom (Auricularia auricular-judae) and its anticoagulation activity was investigated. The dried A. auricular-judae was extracted with 0.1 N NaOH and its supernatant was further extracted with methanol and ethanol followed by H2O. The resulting methanol soluble fraction showed significant antithrombotic activity in activated partial thromboplastin time, thrombin time, and prothrombin time assays with values of 100, 124, and 54 sec, respectively. This active substance was purified with DEAE-Sepharose CL6B and Sephacryl 400-HR and was found to be polysaccharide with the average molecular weight of over 150 kDa. This polysaccharide was xyloglucomannan of which the main component was mannose, and its anticoagulant activity was mostly mediated by inhibition of thrombin activity.
A highly effective synthetic route for TE2A was developed and the 64Cu-labeled TE2A complexes showed higher kinetic inertness and faster clearance than most commonly used TETA analogs.
2084 Objectives Modified the base part of nucleosides has led to the development of some nucleoside analogues with antiviral properties. All modified compounds have on common that they have to be phosphorylated by cellular or viral enzymes in order to exert their biological activity. A series of nucleoside analogues from which, until now, no congener has been attributed with significant antiviral activity are those containing a 5-iodocytosine base moiety. Methods To synthesis of authentic compound, FIAC, was prepared in several steps from a commercially available β-D-Ribofuranose 1-acetate 2,3,5-tribenzoate. Radioiodine labeled FIAC was synthesis by two steps such as labeling and hydrolysis as shown in scheme. Radioiodine labeling used general iodine labeling method and the hydrolysis step was added sodium methoxide. Results The product was purified using reverse-phase HPLC with an appropriate solvent (10/90/0.1% ACN/H2O/TFA) at a flow rate of 1 mL/min. The radiochemical purity of the product was >99% with decay-corrected yields of 50-65%. Purified radioactive compound was confirmed using co-injection with pure standard analogue. In vitro uptake study was performed in HSV1-TK expressing MCA-TK+ cells and MCA cells to compare the accumulation of [125I] FIAC. [125I] FIAC was evaluated by cellular uptake test in MCA and MCA-TK cell lines. Accumulation of [125I] FIAC in MCA-TK cells followed the result that continuously increased upto 8h. Conclusions The result of this uptake study showed several folder higher selectively in MCA-TK+ cells than MCA cells after 8h. This study will be usefully application for micro imaging of MCA-TK+ and MCA cells. Research Support This work was supported by the Seoul Research and Business Development Program (grant number 10574)
The surface of human silicone breast implants is covalently grafted at a high density with a 2-methacryloyloxyethyl phosphorylcholine (MPC)-based polymer. Addition of cross-linkers is essential for enhancing the density and mechanical durability of the MPC graft. The MPC graft strongly inhibits not only adsorption but also the conformational deformation of fibrinogen, resulting in the exposure of a buried amino acid sequence, γ377–395, which is recognized by inflammatory cells. Furthermore, the numbers of adhered macrophages and the amounts of released cytokines (MIP-1α, MIP-1β, IL-8, TNFα, IL-1α, IL-1β, and IL-10) are dramatically decreased when the MPC network is introduced at a high density on the silicone surface (cross-linked PMPC-silicone). We insert the MPC-grafted human silicone breast implants into Yorkshire pigs to analyze the in vivo effect of the MPC graft on the capsular formation around the implants. After 6 month implantation, marked reductions of inflammatory cell recruitment, inflammatory-related proteins (TGF-β and myeloperoxidase), a myoblast marker (α-smooth muscle actin), vascularity-related factors (blood vessels and VEGF), and, most importantly, capsular thickness are observed on the cross-linked PMPC-silicone. We propose a mechanism of the MPC grafting effect on fibrous capsular formation around silicone implants on the basis of the in vitro and in vivo results.
Purpose: Glomus tumors are neoplasms that are composed of modified smooth muscle cells of the glomus body and multiple glomus tumor comprises 10% of all glomus tumors. We report a case of disseminated multiple glomus tumors. Methods: A 14-year-old boy presented with multiple subcutaneous purple nodules on the right cheek, back, right arm, right hand dorsum, right fourth finger, and left ankle. Nodules on the back and right fourth finger were completely excised under local anesthesia and histopathologic examination was followed. Results: Histopathologic findings showed numerous dilated, cavernous-like, thin-walled vascular spaces surrounded by one or a few layers of glomus cells. On immunohistochemical examination, glomus cells stain for smooth muscle actin, and endothelial cells stain for CD31. Those revealed multiple glomangiomas. Conclusion: A review of Korean literature revealed only one reported case of disseminated multiple glomus tumors, so this is the second case to be reported in the Korean literature. In case of multiple soft tissue tumors, thorough physical examination and preoperative evaluation are needed.
Conchal cartilage is widely used in the field of plastic surgery, but donor-site morbidity is inevitable when all of the conchal cartilage is harvested. To maintain ear shape, the authors introduce a new method using an absorbable plate to reconstruct the conchal central strut after total harvesting of the conchal cartilage.In total, 18 subjects underwent surgery, and 14 subjects who were followed up for more than 12 months were included in this article. Before the total harvesting of the conchae, an absorbable plate was adjusted to the proper curvature and length. After harvesting, the central strut was reconstructed by the precrafted absorbable plate. When the harvested cartilage was too large or one implant was not sufficient to reconstruct the central strut, an additional implant was added to the cymba conchae.Outcomes were evaluated by photogrammetry and questionnaires. Seven items were selected to evaluate the shape of the ear and conchal cavity. The authors compared preoperative and postoperative photographs, looking at proportion indices of 7 items using Photoshop. Ten assessors who did not participate in the operation were also shown preoperative and postoperative photographs and answered questionnaires about the shapes of the ear, conchal cavity, and conchal central strut.Except for the effective conchal cavity height index, no statistically significant differences were observed between preoperative and postoperative ear shapes. Additionally, the questionnaire showed excellent assessments for all items.Reconstruction of the central strut using an absorbable plate after total harvest of the conchal cartilage was a simple and effective method to prevent ear collapse.
외교적 면제는 19세기에 법정지국 법원에서 처음으로 국가면제가 존재하는지 여부에 대해 결정해야 했을 때 유추의 방식으로 국가면제 허용에 유용하게 활용됨으로써 그 기원에 있어서는 유사성이 있기도 하다. 그러나 기본적으로 국가면제와 외교적 면제는 인정의 근거, 그 발전의 역사, 규칙의 내용 및 예외의 측면에 있어 별개의 제도로서 존재해 왔다. 이 양자는 그 적용법규와 법리가 다르다.
외교공관과 외교관등은 국가를 대표하는 기능을 수행하고 있기 때문에, 그러한 의미에서는 국가면제론에서 말하는 ‘국가’의 범주에 포섭된다. 따라서 국가의 외교적 기능을 수행하는 실체(예컨대, 외교공관)와 그러한 실체와 관련된 자(예컨대, 외교관)들은 법정지국 법원에서 외교적 면제뿐 아니라 국가면제를 동시에 향유한다. 특히 국가면제가 절대적인 시절에는, 국가면제는 외교적 면제와 큰 차이가 없기 때문에 어느 규칙을 적용하더라도 재판권 면제의 향유라는 결과는 같아서 이 양자는 서로 중복되어 나타났다. 그러나 절대적 국가면제원칙이 제한적 국가면제론으로 대체되어 가고 있는 오늘날에는 ‘국가면제는 외교적 면제를 저해하지 않는다’는 원칙이 적용되므로, 외교적 기능을 수행하는 ‘실체’와 그러한 실체와 관련된 ‘자’들의 행위가 국가면제를 부인하는 사유에 해당하는 경우, 그러한 행위를 한실체 또는 사람은 외교적 면제를 계속 향유할 수 있지만, 그를 파견한 외국의 국가면제는 면제되지 않는다. 따라서 국가면제가 제한되는 상황, 즉 국가가 타국 법원의 재판권에 복종해야 하는 상황에서도 외교적 면제는 우선적으로 적용될 수 있다.
‘외교사절단’ 또는 ‘외교공관’과 같은 실체인 경우, ‘외교관계에 관한 비엔나협약’에는 이러한 외국기관의 불가침권만 규정되어 있을 뿐, 이러한 실체가 접수국 법원의 재판권으로부터 면제를 향유하는지에 대해서는 아무런 규정을 두고 있지 않다. 이와 같이 관련규정의 부존재에 기초한 일반적인 해석과 각국의 사법판례에 따르면, 외교공관은 일반적으로 접수국의 재판권으로부터 면제되지 않는다. 다만, 많은 국가는 이러한 재판권 행사의 요건으로서 ‘외교공관의 직무수행에 방해가 되지 않는 한’이라는 단서를 달고 있다.
부동산의 소유권, 임대차, 용역권 등과 관련된 소송 및 토지등기부의 수정과 같이 이러한 사항과 유사하거나 이와 관련된 문제를 해결하기 위한 소송 등은 기본적으로 외국의 비주권적 행위에 기초한 소송으로 간주되어 ‘외교공관의 직무수행’과 관련이 없는 것으로 평가를 받고 있다. 피해를 입은 청구인은 외국의 외교공관을 상대로(즉 그 외국을 상대로) 이러한 부류의 소송을 제기할 수 있고 이러한 경우 그 외국은 법정지국 법원의 재판권으로부터 면제되지 않는다는 것이 일반적인 추세이다.
대부분의 국가에서는 외국의 국가면제가 인정되지 않는 부동산관련 소송에서 청구인은 외국에 대하여 특정한 이행을 요구하거나, 건물 또는 담의 철거, 토지 또는 재산의 반환 등을 명하는 판결을 구할 수 없고, 부동산에 대한 청구인의 권리, 이익, 점유, 사용을 확인 또는 선언하거나 침해된 권리나 이익의 회복을 위한 손해배상을 구하는 판결을 구할 수 있다. 외교공관의 부동산과 관련한 소송에서 청구인이 승소판결을 받았다 하더라도, 외교재산은 불가침이어서 이에 대한 강제집행은 불가능하다.
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