The study was carried out in April 2015 at South Ari district, Senmamer kebele of South Omo Zone Southern Nation Nationality People Regional State to test and demonstrate the effects of integrating host resistance and fungicide application for management of potato late blight disease. In this experiment one relatively late blight resistance improved Irish potato variety (Belete) was collected from Holleta Seed producer Association and susceptible local control potato varieties were used. RCBD with four replications (farmers as replication) were used. A recommended rate of CurzateR R WP fungicide was applied while susceptible local variety developed the first blight symptom. GLM procedures were followed to analyze yield, disease incidence and severity. LSD (P<0.01) values were used to separate treatments mean. Total weight of tubers per plot (kg) was show significant difference (P<0.01) among treatments. The highest total weight of tubers per plot (kg) was given by treated belete (T1) (22.625) followed by untreated belete (T3), untreated local (T4) and treated local (T2) (18.525, 11.875and 10.125) respectively (Table 2). Local potato variety also gave the highest unmarketable tubers weight per plot. The result indicated that there were a significant difference (P<0.01) and (P<0.05) among treatments on late blight incidence and severity respectively. Untreated local variety (T4) showed highest late blight incidence and severity as compare to treated belete variety (T1). The experiment result suggested that application CurzateR R WP fungicide twice on variety belete results in significant reduction on late blight progress, with a corresponding increased tubers yield.
Currently world is facing serious concern over the equitable, rational and sustainable use of the natural resources that support fair food supply, labour, land, clean water, environment friendly and agricultural inputs because failure in these endeavors leads to starvation and civil war. In order to attain a high nutritional status, improved post-harvest management, reduced post- harvest losses, production of value added products, effective and efficient research programs on the post-harvest sector must be strengthened and promoted. So far, a number of researches have been done on different crops, no more research was done on the postharvest handling practices and problems on major crops especially in South Ari district of South Omo Zone, Southern region of Ethiopia. Thus, the main objectives of this assessment were to assess and prioritize the major constraints on the postharvest handling of major cereal and pulse crops, coffee and spice, root and tuber crops and fruits and vegetable crops in major growing areas of South Ari district and to generate baseline information for further research work. In this specific zone, poor post harvest handling during storage, transportation and marketing were identified as the main factors resulting in increased post harvest loss of major. Poor storage system, Poor roads, inappropriate means of transport combined with a bad arrangement of packaging materials and poor marketing structures aggravated the post harvest loss of major crops of the studied areas. Appropriate packaging materials, proper storage facilities and transportation are required to minimize these losses. Also to reduce the levels of post harvest losses in the area and to rapidly transfer the produce from producers to consumers, a close integration of producers, wholesaler, retailer and consumer becomes necessary. Finally, in order to attain a high nutritional status, improved post-harvest management, reduced post- harvest losses, production of value added products, effective and efficient research programs on the post-harvest sector must be strengthened and promote Keywords: post harvest losses, Transportation, Marketing, Storage and Consumer
Three improved Irish potato varieties and one local check were evaluated with the objective of selecting adaptable best performing Irish potato varieties and tolerant to late blight for Irish potato production areas of South Omo zone. The trial was conducted at Senmamer kebele of Debub Ari district, Ethiopia during 2013 cropping seasons using randomized complete block design under rain faid condition. Tuber yield, plant height, number of stem, crop reaction to late blight, average number of tuber per plant, average weight of tuber per plant, average tuber diameter, small size tuber, medium size tuber and large size tuber ranged from 2.5 to 12.6, 30.3 to 58.9, 2.2 to 4.5, 5 to 47.8, 8.2 to 10.7, 0.14 to 0.78, 8.1 to 11.2, 0.04 to 0.2, 0.04 to 0.3, 0.05 to 0.3, respectively. This experiment suggests that the variety Belete was gave high yield and resistant to late blight compare to the other tested varieties.
Wheat stem rust caused by Puccinia graminis f.sp tritici is constant biotic constraint of wheat production across the world. Because of quick alteration of genetic makeup of wheat stem rust pathogen; monitoring shift in virulence within pathogen is crucial to avoid sudden occurrence of epidemics due race change. This study was to identify physiological races stem rust pathogen in Ethiopia during 2019 cropping season. Wheat stem rust samples were collected during 2019 main cropping season from major wheat growing areas of Oromia, Amhara, Tigray and Southern Nations Nationalities and Peoples regions of Ethiopia. Besides, samples were also collected from Afar region where wheat was grown by irrigation during off season. The samples where isolated on universally wheat stem rust susceptible line (McNair) for the sake of mono pustule isolation and multiplication to have sufficient spores. Each isolates where inoculated on twenty standard differential lines and each line was evaluated after fourteen days to determine the races. Eight stem rust races namely, TKKTF, TKTTF, TTTTF, TKKTT, TTKTT, TTRTF, TKPTF and TTKTF were identified from samples analyzed; TKKTF was identified from 175 (44.1%) stem rust isolates, while TTTTF was detected from 73 (18.4) samples analyzed. In addition, TKTTF was isolated from 70 (17.8%) samples; however, TTKTF, TTKTT, TTRTF, TKPTF and TKKTT were recorded from 48 (12.1%), 21 (5.3%), 4 (1%), 1 (0.25%) and 1 (0.25%) samples analyzed in the season. TTKTT races have 95% virulence spectra to stem rust resistance genes with in differential lines. Resistance genes (Sr24) that is available in most of commercial varieties worldwide became ineffective with these races. Therefore, breeding program should focus on searching for more sources of resistance to virulent races of the pathogen.
Three improved Irish potato varieties and one local check were evaluated with the objective of selecting adaptable best performing Irish potato varieties and tolerant to late blight for Irish potato production areas of South Omo zone. The trial was conducted at Senmamer kebele of Debub Ari district, Ethiopia during 2013 cropping seasons using randomized complete block design under rain faid condition. Tuber yield, plant height, number of stem, crop reaction to late blight, average number of tuber per plant, average weight of tuber per plant, average tuber diameter, small size tuber, medium size tuber and large size tuber ranged from 2.5 to 12.6, 30.3 to 58.9, 2.2 to 4.5, 5 to 47.8, 8.2 to 10.7, 0.14 to 0.78, 8.1 to 11.2, 0.04 to 0.2, 0.04 to 0.3, 0.05 to 0.3, respectively .This experiment suggests that the variety Belete was gave high yield and resistant to late blight compare to the other tested varieties.
The primary producers of pulses are small-scale farmers with small and dispersed plots under rain-fed conditions with substantially lower yields of less than 0.9 t/ha as compared to the improved faba bean varieties and international yields. There are many biotic and abiotic factors which hampers faba bean production in Ethiopia. From biotic factors chocolate spot (Botrytis fabae Sard.) is the major fungal disease hampering faba bean production in Ethiopia.). It is a highly prevalent and destructive disease, causing yield loss up to 61% on a susceptible and 34% on tolerant faba bean genotypes in the central highlands. But we can manage this economically important disease in manner which comprises all available diseases management methods in combination that is IPM (Integrated Pest management). So, the objective of this review work was to review available integrated pest management option for management of chocolate spot disease of faba bean in Ethiopia. We can control the disease by using different methods from these late sowing of faba bean, mixed cropping of faba bean with cereal crops and mancozeb spray reduced the disease and increased the grain yield and seed weight over sole and mixed cropping with field pea; also cereal mixing with faba bean has advantages over faba bean mixing with field pea. Suppressive effects can be ascribed to a combination of host biomass reduction, altered microclimate and physical barriers to spore dispersal. Also creation of a physical barrier in the form of non-host plants prevents some of the dispersed spores from being deposited on the host tissue by interception. In Ethiopia, study has revealed that the biological control agents for chocolate spot of faba bean and Bacilli are natural residents of faba bean leaves. Additionally recommendation have been given that, further study has to be done to explore the mode of action by bacillus subtilis against fabae.
Wheat is one of the most important cereal cultivated in Ethiopia. It ranks fourth after Teff (Eragrostis tef), Maize (Zea mays) and Sorghum (Sorghum bicolor) in area coverage and third in total production. But, its production and productivity is prone to divers biotic and abiotic factors. Among biotic factor diseases are the one. But, the relative importance of each disease across locations has not been known and well profiled to develop sound management strategy in the studied areas. So, the assessment was done to watch and monitor the status of wheat diseases and observe wheat varieties response to wheat diseases and to determine the prevalence of new virulence races and monitor new stem rust race (ug99) spread in the region. The assessment was carried out in two kebeles of South Ari districts of South Omo zone i.e. Senegal and Senmamer kebeles of South Ari woreda in 2014 Meher cropping season. Results indicated that the highest mean infection of leaf rust (70%) was recorded on local variety at Senmamer kebele followed by Digalo variety in Senegal kebele which is 65% and fusarium head blight (47%) on Huluka variety followed by ETBW5890 variety which is 40% were recorded at Senegal kebele. Whereas at Senegal kebele 30% fusarium head blight was recorded as the highest mean infection. Whereas the mean infection of powdery mildew is 20% at Senmamer kebele which is less as compared to mean infection of leaf rust and fusarium head blight. Different studies reported that wheat is affected by different diseases. The current assessment indicated that complex diseases exists in different wheat varieties and their occurrence across kebeles was highly variable. In addition to introduction and promotion of different management practices, holistic and cumulative integrated approach is required to manage the complex wheat diseases in the studied areas.
Wheat is one of the most important cereal crops of the world and is a staple food for about one third of the world’s population. Despite the significant area of wheat production in the country, the mean national yield 1.3 t ha-1 is 24% below than mean yield for Africa and 48% below than global mean yield. A field experiment was carried out at Senegal and Selmamer during 2014 cropping season to determine the effects of sowing methods and seed rate on yield of bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). Treatments were two sowing methods namely row planting and broadcasting with six Seed rate (kg/ha): 125, 150, 175, 200, 225 and 250 kg/ha.The experimental was laid in randomized complete block design (RCBD) with thee replications. The study result depicted that sowing method and seed rate had brought significant effect on the yield of bread wheat. The maximum grain yield of 3.9 t ha-1 and the minimum 2.7 t ha-1 were obtained from seed rate of 125 kg ha-1 and 200 kg ha-1 respectively. And the maximum grain yield of 3.5 t ha-1 was obtained from row planting and the least 3.13 t ha-1 was recorded from broadcast method; from these output we can conclude that, using of seed rate of 125 kg ha-1 and row planting is advisable for bread wheat production in the Senegal and Senmamer kebeles and their vicinities to increased wheat production and productivity.
Particularly in Ethiopia legumes grown in 2014/15 covered 12.41 % (1,558,442.04 hectares) of the grain crop area and 9.88% (about 26,718,430.40 quintals) of the grain production was drawn from the same crops. Legumes, which occupy approximately 13 percent of cultivated land and account for approximately 10 percent of the agricultural value addition, are critical to smallholder livelihoods in Ethiopia. The major constraints to the production of these crops are diseases, insect pest attack, poor agronomic practices and lack of improved cultivars and crop protection technologies. Root rot diseases are a major limiting factor in legume production. The diseases depress seedling germination and cause post emergence damping off, resulting in poor crop stand and low yields. Several root rot casing pathogen such as Rhizoctonia bataticola, Rhizoctonia solani and Fusarium solani on chickpea, Rhizoctonia bataticola and Rhizoctonia solani on lentil and Rhizoctonia bataticola, Rhizoctonia solani and Fusarium solani on faba bean have been reported in Ethiopia. They can causes yield loss 45% and 50% yield in faba bean and chickpea if properly not manage. Several chemicals, cultural practice and bio-gent used to control this disease. Among bio-agent mostly used to control this disease are Trichoderma viride and Bacillus megaterium take a great share. In the future particularly in our country full exploitation of the potential of biological control of this disease has to be done. In general techniques which are based on the molecular techniques like marker assisted selection to deploy resistance have to be applied in the processes of creating resistant variety development. Keywords: Legumes, Root rot, Rhizocotonia, Fusarium and Trichoderma
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