Plastically deformed low-carbon steel has been analyzed by nondestructive three-dimensional orientation and strain mapping using scanning three-dimensional X-ray diffraction microscopy (S3DXRD). However, the application of S3DXRD is limited to single-phase alloys. In this study, we propose a modified S3DXRD analysis for dual-phase alloys, such as ferrite–pearlite carbon steel, which is composed of grains detectable as diffraction spots and a phase undetectable as diffraction spots. We performed validation experiments for ferrite–pearlite carbon steel with different pearlite fractions, in which the ferrite grains and the pearlite corresponded to the detectable grains and an undetectable phase, respectively. The regions of pearlite appeared more remarkably in orientation maps of the ferrite grains obtained from the carbon steel samples than that of the single-phase low-carbon steel and increased with the increase in the carbon concentration. The fractions of the detectable grains and the undetectable phase were determined with an uncertainty of 15%–20%. These results indicate that the proposed modified analysis is qualitatively valid for dual-phase alloys comprising detectable grains and an undetectable phase.
Summary. The cleavage patterns of mitochondrial DNAs (mtDNAs) were investigated from 15 lines of domestic fowls, Gallus gallus domesticus . using 11 restriction endonucleases. The cleavage patterns with 10 restriction endonucleases were identical in all the lines. A variant was found in a line of White Leghorn in the pattern with Mspl digestions. Cleavage patterns of the red jungle fowl, Gallus gallus gallus , were identical to the common patterns shown by the 14 lines of domestic fowls.
The injection of Cooper pairs into a normal medium such as a semiconductor is known as the proximity effect at the superconductor/normal interface. We confirm this injection as well as the contribution of Cooper pairs to a drastic enhancement of inter-band optical transitions in semiconductor heterostructures. In this paper we investigate and clarify the relation of internal quantum efficiencies and radiative lifetimes in Cooper-pair light emitting diodes (CP-LEDs). A quantitative description of the dynamic photon generation processes is given, and the contribution of the Cooper-pair recombination relative to normal-electron recombination in CP-LEDs is discussed in detail.
Abstract The unstabilization of limit-oversteer vehicles depends heavily on the saturation characteristics of the rear cornering forces. In this paper, an anti-spin condition of vehicles under the saturation characteristics of the rear cornering forces is examined from the view point of robust stability control. Then, an active front wheel steering control system satisfying the anti-spin condition is designed by H∞ control. Furthermore, vehicle maneuverability is improved by adaptive control approach.
The freezing of an aqueous solution, occurs over a range of temperatures, and is composed of the solid, solid-liquid and liquid states. In this paper, latent heat thermal energy storage using aqueous solution as PCM is proposed, to pursue the high performance of a storage unit. Heat transfer characteristics were clarified by the experimental and theoretical studies, and the efficient and optimum configurations of the unit were determined.
The microstructure of a material plays a crucial role in determining its mechanical and chemical properties, as well as in predicting potential malfunctions. In polycrystalline materials, the orientation of each grain has a significant impact on the material's properties. It is thus imperative to conduct non-destructive 3D observations of the grain orientation with high resolution. This study presents a novel method to enhance the spatial resolution of 3D grain orientation maps in scanning 3D X-ray diffraction (S3DXRD) microscopy beyond the size of the probe beam. The new method, inclined scanning 3D X-ray diffraction ( i S3DXRD) microscopy, combines an inclined geometry for the rotation axis of the object with the concept of `sub-voxel' analysis, where the voxel is subdivided into smaller pieces. The validity of the method was verified for a polycrystalline α-Fe wire using a 37 keV X-ray beam with a size of 10 × 20 µm (horizontal × vertical), and it successfully produced a high-resolution 3D grain orientation map with a spatial resolution of about 2.5 µm. The method can provide complex details on the microstructure of a polycrystalline material, which will pave the way for precise prediction of the material's properties.
