Abstract Protein is an essential nutrient for dairy cattle in order for them to produce milk. Ruminant protein value can be maximized by feeding autoclave-protected soybeans, non-fiber carbohydrate (NFC) from corn, and sulfur supplementation. The purpose of this study was to see how protected soybean protein, NFC corn, and Na2SO4 supplementation affected the fermentability and digestibility of dairy cattle rations. This study used a randomized block design with five treatments: rations without corn and soybeans (R1), rations with corn but no soybeans (R2), rations with corn and soybeans (R3), rations with corn and autoclave-protected soybeans (R4), and rations with corn, autoclave-protected soybeans, and sulfur supplementation (R5) (R5). As replications, the treatments were repeated four times. The ANOVA was used to analyze the data, which was then followed by an orthogonal contrast test. The treatment had no effect on pH, protozoal number, dry matter, or organic matter digestibility. Although treatment R3 produced significantly more ammonia (P0,05) than R4 and R5, R5 produced the most VFA and total bacteria. It can be concluded that rations containing protected soybean and corn as NFC sources, as well as sulfur supplementation, increase fermentability while decreasing in vitro digestibility.
Abstract Supplementing dairy ration with Ca-soap vegetable oils rich in unsaturated fatty acid components increases the fatty acid profile and conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) levels in dairy milk, but it might reduce fermentability and digestibility. This study aimed to identify the effect of vegetable oil supplementation protected by Ca-soap on rumen fermentability and digestibility. Parameters observed included pH score, protozoa population, total VFA (volatile fatty acid), ammonia concentration, dry and organic matter digestibility (DMD and OMD), neutral and acid detergent fiber (NDF and ADF) digestibility. The results showed that increasing Ca-soap-protected vegetable oil levels in dairy ration significantly decreased ( P <0.05) pH score, protozoa population, NH3 concentration, and digestibility. Oil type also significantly influenced all parameters except for microbial fermentation. The interaction effect of oil types and their levels were found in pH score, protozoa population, NH3 concentration, DMD, and fiber digestibility in ADF. Vegetable oils that influenced optimally were corn oil and canola oil. It is concluded that Ca-soap-protected vegetable oil supplementation in dairy ration should be less than 4%. It is suggested to study at the lower level. The type of oil used should consider its linoleic acid content and availability.
Abstract Sorghum is a forage plant that can improve the ability to high temperatures, dry resistance, and the ability of ratoons. Ratoon is the ability of sorghum to regrowth due to being cut several times at different periods. This study aimed to evaluate the agronomic characteristics of samurai I sorghum harvested in each harvest period until the 1st ratoon. The research method used in each harvest period was utterly randomized with a factorial design (3 x 3) with 4 replications. Factor A is the age of harvest consisting of 80, 85 and 90 days of treatment and Factor B is the dose of fertilization consisting of 200, 300 and 400 kg/ha. The research area is 3 x 3 m 2 in each experimental plot. The results showed that up to the 1st ratoon, samurai sorghum produced better plant height, leaf width and length than the primary and first ratoon cuttings, although there was a decrease in stem diameter in the first ratoon. The conclusion is that samurai I have good stability of agronomic characteristics up to the first ratoon so that it has the potential to be harvested in the next ratoon.
This study aimed to compare local dairy farmer ration formula with national research council in producing higher feed efficiency and milk production.This study had two stages.The first stage was in vitro study of dairy farmer rations which have different raw materials (R3, R4, and R5) with NRC based ration (R2) and Demo Farm ration (R1).The variables measured in this stage were proximate composition, volatile fatty acid, ammonia, dry matter and organic matter digestibility.The first stage used a randomized block design with five treatments, three groups of ruminal fluid, and three replications.The second stage used nine lactating cows with three periods of lactation (one, three, and other) and used a randomized block design with three treatments, three groups, and one replication.Parameters measured were dry matter intake, manure score, milk production, body weight gain, body condition score, and technical and economical efficiencies.The first stage result showed that R1, R2, and R3 were three best rations in nutrient composition and fermentability (ammonia and volatile fatty acid concentrations were optimum for microbial growth and high digestibility), so in conclusion those three rations were the best rations and should be compared by in vivo method.The result of the second stage showed that all tested rations were not significantly different in milk production, performance and efficiency, so in conclusion those three rations have the same quality.
The purpose of this study was to compare acid and base catalyst for the extraction of Fatty acids (FA) and conjugated linoleic acid from milk product. Lipid extraction from milk by using acid catalyst were carried out in H2SO4/methanol solvents. Methylation was performed for 2 h at 80°C, and FA methyl esters were recovered for chromatographic analysis by the addition of isooctane. On the other hand, the extraction using base catalysts was conducted by AOAC 989.05 (2012) official method, followed by AOAC 969.33 (2012) for methylation. Extraction process by acid catalyst shown better performance compared to base catalyst due to it could be produced higher recoveries. The advantage of extraction method by using acid-catalyst allowed the measurement of high number of samples. Moreover, it can be reduced the sample manipulation and consequently reduce sample loss and contamination. In conclusion, the acid-catalyst method was a simple and rapid method, low cost, and achieves good results for Fatty acids (FA) and conjugated linoleic acid extraction from milk product.
ABSTRACT The present research was aimed to identify the forage pastures in the rainy season and the dry season, productivity of pasture, carriying capacity and nutrient quality of forage by Padang Mengatas pasture (difference in the two season). This study uses a completely randomized design with 2 factors and five replications. This study uses 15 paddock with five replication. The first factor is the topography (TWL = Topography Wavey Leaning, TSC = Topography Sloping Currugated and THL = Topography Hilly Leaning), the second seasons factor (rainy and dry). The research was conducted in the January - March 2016 to the rainy season and August-October, 2016 for the dry season in BPTU-HPT Padang Mengatas pasture, Luhak, 50 Kota. The data obtained were analyzed using analysis of variance (ANOVA) and if there are real differences among treatments then do a further test DUNCAN. The results that Bede ( B rachiaria decumbens ) grass dominated in BPTU-HPT Padang Mengatas (83.95% rainy season and 81.33% dry season). Percentage legume is still relatively low (0.66% rainy season and 0.13% dry season). Statistical analysis showed that the season provides significant effect (P <0.05) on biomass production, carrying capacity, also provides significant effect on the dry matter content, crude fiber, ash, NDF and ADF while the crude protein, cellulosa and hemicellulosa were not significantly effect. Topography no significant effect on biomass production, carrying capacity and nutrient quality of forage. From the results of this study can be concluded that the percentage of plants that a lot of that kind of B . decumbens grass, Legume still low needs to be improved. From the results of this study can be concluded that biomass production was higer in the rainy season and insufficient in the dry season to the needs of livestock. Keywords: forage, pasture land, the production of biomass, seasons, topography
Kesulitan penyediaan pakan hijauan pada pengembangan peternakan ruminansia dapat diatasi dengan penggunaan sorgum karena mampu menghemat biaya pakan akibat pemanenan yang dilakukan berkali kali pada satu periode penanaman. Penelitian bertujuan mengevaluasi nilai nutrien dan kecernaan sorgum samurai akibat waktu panen dan pupuk urea yang berbeda pada panen pertama. Rancangan penelitian yang digunakan yaitu RAL Pola Faktorial (3x3) dengan 4 ulangan. Faktor pertama adalah perlakuan usia potong 80, 85 dan 90 hari setelah tanam (HST) dan faktor kedua adalah perlakuan dosis pupuk urea terdiri dari 200, 300 dan 400 kg ha-1. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan terdapat interaksi (p<0.05) pada perlakuan protein kasar dan NDF, bahan kering dipengaruhi (p<0.05) usia potong serta ADF (p<0.05) dipengaruhi dosis pupuk urea. WSC dan GE tidak dipengaruhi (p>0.05) usia potong, dosis pupuk dan interaksinya. Selanjutnya KcBK dan KcBO juga tidak dipengaruhi (p>0.05) usia potong dan pemberian pupuk Waktu panen sorgum samurai 1 usia potong 80 HST dan dosis pupuk urea 200 kg ha-1 menjadi pilihan peternak karena mampu menghasilkan pakan kaya nutrisi sebagai bahan baku pakan ternak ruminansia.
Abstract In vitro digestibility methods have been developed to overcome problems in the in vivo digestibility measurement, but its accuracy should be tested in a local setting. In vitro methods developed by Tilley and Terry (T2), Theodorou (T3) and Sutardi (T4) have been compared to in vivo method (T1) in a block randomized design study. Four heifers FH (337.50 ± 45.87 kg BW) were used in T1, and two fistulated FH bulls (510 ± 20 kg BW) were used as inoculant sources in the in vitro methods. Dairy cattle ration consisted of 54.0% Napier grass and 46.0% concentrate with 58.8% DM, 12.1% ash, 10.0% CP, 3.3% EE, 26.5% CF, and 61.1% TDN. The observed parameters were ration fermentability (pH, NH3, and VFA concentration) and digestibility (DMD and OMD). The data were analyzed using analysis of variance (ANOVA) followed by the Tukey test. The correlation was made before regression analysis to estimate the in vivo parameters from the in vitro. The results showed that pH values are in the normal range (6.7 – 6.8), and insignificantly different between treatments (P>0.05). The concentration of NH3 and VFA were significantly different between the treatments (P<0.05), but T2 produced similar NH3 and VFA concentrations to T1. Similar results were also found in the DMD and OMD. Correlation analysis showed that pH value of T3 correlated significantly with T1, while DMD value of T4 correlated to T1. The T1 DMD (Y) could be estimated from T4 DMD (X) using formula Y (%) = y = -0.091x 2 + 9.1632x - 168.4. It is concluded that tropical dairy feedstuffs in vitro digestibility using Tilley and Terry’s method produced similar result to in vivo digestibility method, but in vivo dry matter digestibility can be estimated accurately by in vitro dry matter digestibility using Sutardi method.
Supplementation of oil rich in unsaturated fatty acids (FAs) such as canola, soybean, and palm oils improved the quality of milk fatty acids. However, the unprotected unsaturated oil might impair rumen fermentation, feed, and fiber digestibility. A study was conducted to determine the best type of oil supplementation (factor A) including canola (A1), soybean (A2), or palm (A3) and level oil supplementation (factor B) including B0 = 0%, B1 = 1%, B2 = 2% or B3 = 3%) on the in-vitro feed fermentation and digestibility. The study used a 3 x 4 factorial block design. Two-stages were used to measure the pH, ammonia (NH3), volatile fatty acids (VFAs), protozoal number, dry matter (DMD), organic matter (OMD), neutral detergent fiber (NDFD), and acid detergent fiber (ADFD) digestibility. The results showed that oil type did not significantly influence the fermentability (pH, NH3, VFAs, and protozoa) and feed's digestibility (DMD, OMD, NDFD, and ADFD) but oil level influence the fermentability and digestibility significantly. In addition, an increase above 1% in oil levels reduced protein fermentability, protozoal number, DMD, and OMD, but increased VFA. It is concluded that the addition of unprotected canola, soybean, or palm oil in dairy cattle ration could be applied in a concentration not more than 1%.
