Comparative Study of Milk Production and Feed Efficiency Based on Farmers Best Practices and National Research Council
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This study aimed to compare local dairy farmer ration formula with national research council in producing higher feed efficiency and milk production.This study had two stages.The first stage was in vitro study of dairy farmer rations which have different raw materials (R3, R4, and R5) with NRC based ration (R2) and Demo Farm ration (R1).The variables measured in this stage were proximate composition, volatile fatty acid, ammonia, dry matter and organic matter digestibility.The first stage used a randomized block design with five treatments, three groups of ruminal fluid, and three replications.The second stage used nine lactating cows with three periods of lactation (one, three, and other) and used a randomized block design with three treatments, three groups, and one replication.Parameters measured were dry matter intake, manure score, milk production, body weight gain, body condition score, and technical and economical efficiencies.The first stage result showed that R1, R2, and R3 were three best rations in nutrient composition and fermentability (ammonia and volatile fatty acid concentrations were optimum for microbial growth and high digestibility), so in conclusion those three rations were the best rations and should be compared by in vivo method.The result of the second stage showed that all tested rations were not significantly different in milk production, performance and efficiency, so in conclusion those three rations have the same quality.Keywords:
Completely randomized design
To determine whether mice were limited in their capacity to absorb energy during late lactation, we attempted to increase the energy burden experienced by a group of female mice during late lactation by mating them at the postpartum oestrus, hence combining the energy demands of pregnancy and lactation. These experimental mice were therefore concurrently pregnant and lactating in their first lactation, and were followed through a normal second lactation. In a control group, females also underwent two lactations but sequentially, with the second mating after the first litter had been weaned. Maternal mass and food intake were measured throughout the first lactation, second pregnancy and second lactation. Maternal resting metabolic rate (RMR) was measured prior to the first mating and then at the peak of both the first and second lactations. Litter size and litter mass were also measured throughout both lactations. In the first lactation, experimental mice had a lower mass-independent RMR (F1,88=5.15, P=0.026) and raised significantly heavier pups (t=2.77, d.f.=32, P=0.0093) than the control mice. Experimental mice delayed implantation at the start of the second pregnancy. The extent of the delay was positively related to litter size during the first lactation (F1,19=4.58, P=0.046) and negatively related to mean pup mass (F1,19=5.78, P=0.027) in the first lactation. In the second lactation, the experimental mice gave birth to more (t=2.75, d.f.=38, P=0.0092) and lighter (t=-5.01, d.f.=38, P<0.0001) pups than did the controls in their second lactation. Maternal asymptotic daily food intake of control mice in the second lactation was significantly higher (t=-4.39, d.f.=37, P=0.0001) than that of the experimental mice and higher than that of controls during their first lactation. Despite the added burden on the experimental females during their first lactation, there was no increase in their food intake, which suggested that they might be limited by their capacity to absorb energy. However, control females appeared to be capable of increasing their asymptotic food intake beyond the supposed limits estimated previously, suggesting that the previously established limit was not a fixed central limitation on food intake. As RMR increased in parallel with the increase in food intake during the second lactation of control mice, the sustained energy intake remained at around 7.0xRMR.
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Aims: The objective of this study was to access the growth responses of chickens fed different leaf meal supplements.Study Design: The experimental design used was completely randomized design for the chicks and completely randomized block design for the growing pullets and cockerels.Place and Duration of Study: The experiments were carried out at Bora Poultry Unit of Federal College of Animal Health and Production Technology, Institute of Agricultural Research and Training (IAR&T) Ibadan, Nigeria.The experiments were carried out between the years 2004 to 2009.Methodology: Nutritive potentials of Centrosema pubescens, Mimosa invisa and Pueraria phaseoloides leaf meals (LM) were determined and evaluated using different types of chicken within the years 2004-2009.The diets were formulated to contain 0,20/25, 30/40, 60/75 and 80/90g LM/kg feed and 120 to 150 birds were used in each experiment.Each treatment was replicated three times.All ingredients in each experiment were of constant Research ArticleAmerican Journal of Experimental Agriculture, 3(3): 506-519, 2013 507 weight, except the soybean and groundnut cake which test ingredients replaced some percentages weight for weight.Data on feed intake and weight gain were subjected to oneway ANOVA and comparisons were made using Duncan's Multiple Range Test.Results: Results revealed that the LM are rich in crude protein (21.36-23.34%)and ash (4.25 -9.14%).The most available mineral elements were potassium (0.45-1.85%) and calcium (0.60 -1.726%).The concentration of tannin was highest in the LM (1.57-3.35g/100gDM)unlike oxalate (0.037-0.065g/100gDM).The poorest LM in terms of nutritive value and chicken performance was Mimosa invisa leaf meal (MLM), while the best was Centrosema pubescens leaf meal (CLM).Inclusion of 40 -60gCLM/kg feed for Black Nera chicks and finisher pullets and 75gCLM/kg feed for broiler starters and finishers resulted to significant (P<0.05)reduction in feed intake and weight gain.Feed intake and weight gain of broiler starters and finishers and cockerel growers fed 20 -60gMLM/kg feed supplements significantly (P<0.05) and progressively decreased with increased dietary concentration of MLM supplement.Broiler starters and finishers fed 30-90PLM/kg feed had increased feed intake, which was progressive, unlike their weight gain which depressed significantly (P<0.05) with increased concentration of Pueraria phaseoloids leaf meal (PLM).Conclusion: Hence, 20 and 25g CLM/kg feed is recommended for pullet chicks/growing pullets and broiler chicken, respectively, while PLM and MLM are not recommended, for chicken nutrition due to depression in growth rate.
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THE EFFECT OF FRESH MURBEI (Morus alba ) LEAF INCLUSION IN THE DIETS ON BROILER CHICKEN PERFORMANCE. The present study was conducted to determine the effect of inclusion of fresh Murbey leaf (Morus alba) substituting part of diets on broiler chicken performance. Sixty broiler chicken aged 3 weeks were used in the present study. The dietary treatments were in Completely Randomized Design arrangement with 4 treatments and 5 replications. Treatments were fresh Murbey leaf (Morus alba) with several levels of inclusion in the diets (R0 = 0%, R1 = 2%, R2 = 4%, dan R3 = 6%). Parameters measured were: daily feed consumption, daily gain, and feed conversion ratio (FCR). All data was submitted to the ANOVA procedure for completely randomized design. Differences were considered significant at P < 0.05. Tukey's significant difference test was used to compare means. Research results showed that treatments gave a significant effect on parameters measured. The inclusion of fresh Murbey leaf (Morus alba) of up to 6% in the diets significantly (P < 0.05) increased daily feed consumption, but significantly (P < 0.05) decreased daily gain, and significantly (P < 0.05) increased feed conversion ratio of brolier chicken in this experiment. It can be concluded that the inclusion of fresh Murbey leaf (Morus alba) of up to 4% in the diets gave the best broiler performance. Key words: Fresh Murbei (Morus alba), Daily feed consumption, Daily gain, Feed conversion ratio, Broiler performance
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A 28 – day feeding trial was conducted to evaluate the response of finisher broilers to antibiotic (neocloxin) and enzyme (Roxazyme G) supplemented diets. Three experimental diets were formulated such that diet 1 had neither enzyme nor antibiotic supplementation. Diets 2 and 3 contained antibiotic and enzyme supplementation at 200mg/kg respectively. 72 5-week-old Anak broilers were randomly assigned to the three treatment diets in a Completely Randomized Design and each treatment was replicated thrice. Feed and water were provided ad libitum. Measurement recorded included feed intake, body weight gain and feed conversion ratio. Result showed significant variations (P < 0.05) among the groups in all the measurements. Birds on T3 diet recorded the highest (P < 0.05) weight gain. While birds on T2 diet gained significantly (P < 0.05) higher weight than those on T1 diet. Birds on T3 recorded the best (P < 0.05) feed conversion ratio. The feed conversion ratio of the birds on T2 was significantly superior (P < 0.05) to those on T1 diet. Birds on T3 consumed significantly (P < 0.05) lower feed than the birds on T1 and T2 diets. There was no significant (P > 0.05) difference between the feed intake of birds on T1 and T2 diets. Results of the trial suggest that neocloxin and Roxazyme G enzyme could be incorporated in broiler finisher diet as growth enhancers since they positively affected the performance of the birds. Key words: Finisher broilers, antibiotic, enzyme, performance, growth enhancers. Journal of Agriculture, Forestry and the Social Sciences Vol.2(2) 2004: 35-44
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ABSTRACT Were evaluated three characters in papaya seedlings 'Baixinho de Santa Amália' to estimate the optimum plot size and the number of replications in a completely randomized experiment, a randomized block and Latin square. The characters were seedling height, leaf number and length of roots from uniformity test with 240 seedlings. The determination of the optimum plot size was done by applying the method of Hatheway (1961). The number of seedlings per plot for seedling production is variable depending on the number of treatments and replications assumed precision, the character in question and the experimental design. Comparing designs, the plot size is greater in the Latin square, followed by a randomized block design and completely randomized, and this difference is more pronounced the lower the number of treatments and replicates used. For the same number of treatments and the same precision, the most efficient use of the experimental area is given using smaller plot, with more replications, which require less space in the nursery than larger plots with fewer replications. For experiments completely randomized and randomized blocks with five or more treatments, four replications, and precision of 15% around the mean, it is recommended to use nine seedlings per plot.
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PERBANDINGAN PEMBERIAN BEBERAPA LEVEL MIKROKAPSUL MINYAK IKAN DALAM RANSUM TERHADAP PERFORMA BROILER
This study aimed to determine the effect of fish oil microcapsules (MMI) in feed on broiler performance. The research material is 80 head of broiler DOC and basal feed with 22% protein and energy metabolism of 3000 Kcal/kg. The research method was conducted using completely randomized design (CRD) with 4 treatments and 5 replications. The first treatment (RA) is a feed containing 0.8% fish oil (control), the second treatment (RB) containing 2% MMI, the third (RC) containing 4% MMI, and the fourth (RD) containing 6% MMI. Variables measured: feed consumption, body weight gain, feed conversion, and carcass percentage. Results of analysis of variance showed that the use of fish oil microcapsules to level 6% in broiler feed gives different effects are not noticeable for feed consumption and carcass percentage. As for the body weight gain and feed conversion ratio, the treatment gave a significantly different effect. From this study it can be concluded that the use of MMI (microencapsulated fish oil) with a level of 2% was more effective in improving body weight gain and decrease the feed conversion ratio of broiler compared with controls (unprotected fish oil).
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An experiment was carried out to study the effects of carrot leaf extract (CLE) supplementation as sources of vitamins and minerals in finisher broiler chickens. A total of two hundred and eight (208), 7 day old birds were used. The birds were grouped into four (4) treatments of fifty-two (52) chicks, each replicated four times with thirteen (13) chicks in a completely randomized design (CRD). Parameters measured and evaluated included feed intake, body weight, body weight gain (BWG), feed conversion ratio (FCR) and mortality. The effects of CLE on carcass characteristics and organs weight were also evaluated. Significantly (P 0.05) for the carcass parameters evaluated except for dressing percentage. On the organs weight, no significant effect on heart, pancreas, lung, intestine and spleen were recorded (P>0.05). Based on the result of the study, it could be concluded that giving CLE at 80 ml/litre to finisher broilers in drinking water resulted in better weight gain, feed efficiency and increases feed intake, body weight and carcass yield without adverse effect on the organs and can be used in place of conventional vitamin-mineral premix.
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Carcass weight
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A 28-day feeding trial was conducted to evaluate the effect of dietary inclusion of Anth:-:: macrophylla meal on the performance of broiler starter chicks. Anthonala macrophyla was harvested from the wild, wushed, chopped into tablets, sun-dried and milled to produce the test meal. The meal contained un diy matter basis 21.11% crude protein, 1.90% crude fat, 2.00% total ash, 5.03% crude fibre and 54.36% nitrogen free extract. Five (5) broiler starter diets were formulated to contain the meal at 0,5,10,15 and 20% level, respectively. One hundred and eighty (180) day-old Anak broiler chicks were divided into 5 groups of thirty-six birds each and randomly allocated to the five treatment rations in a completely randomized design (CRD). Data were collected on feed intake, weight gain, feed conversion ratio, protein efficient ratio, cost of production of one kilogramme of each test feed among others and carcass characteristics. At 15 and 20% dietary levels. Anthonata macrophylla significantly (p<0.05) depressed feed intake, daily weight guin, feed conversion and protein efficiency ratios and final weight gain of the birds. Organ weight parameters showed no significant (P>0.05) differences among the treatments. The results of this investigation suggest that Anthonata macrophyla meal can be included in broiler starter ration up to 10% without any deleterious effect on the birds and at this level of inclusion, feed cost was reduced by 10%.
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Completely randomized design
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