The influence of hydrochemistry and trophic conditions on the coastal zooplankton community’s biomass and metabolic activities was investigated along the Spanish Mediterranean coastal waters, from Algeciras Bay to Barcelona, from autumn 2011 to autumn 2012. Two hydrographic regions were differentiated: NW Alboran (ALB) and W Mediterranean (MED). Zooplankton metabolism was assessed from measurements of the electron transport system (ETS) and aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases (AARS) activities, as proxies for potential respiration and somatic growth, respectively. Zooplankton showed three to fivefold higher biomass in ALB than in MED during autumn 2011 and spring 2012. However, in autumn 2012, a drastic decrease in biomass standing stock was observed in ALB, with no significant differences between the two regions. This biomass depletion event was not associated with environmental variables, food availability or zooplankton metabolic rates, but coincided with a twofold peak of Sardina pilchardus landings in ALB. A reduced standing stock coupled with high zooplankton growth rates suggests mortality by predation as the main cause for the low zooplankton biomass typically observed in MED, and in ALB during autumn 2012.
The utility of global and regional algorithms for retrieving surface chlorophyll-a values from satellite images of MODIS (Moderate-Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer) onboard Aqua and Terra Satellites, SeaWiFS (Sea-Viewing Wide Field-of-View Sensor), MERIS (MEdium Resolution Imaging Spectrometer) and VIIRS (Visible Infrared Imaging Radiometer Suite) is tested in a wide region of the Western Mediterranean Sea, the Spanish Mediterranean. The comparison between chlorophyll-a concentration obtained from samples collected and satellite concentrations calculated with global and regional algorithms for this area demonstrates that satellites overestimate the surface chlorophyll-a. In this work, a set of new algorithms, namely SMED (Spanish MEDiterranean algorithms), are proposed to improve the estimations of surface chlorophyll-a in our study area. The SMED set of algorithms employs the linear function to fit the standard Maximum Band Ratios (MBR) to the in situ surface chlorophyll-a concentration (in logarithmic scale). The implementation of the SMED algorithms is simple, and the accuracy is as good as more complex algorithms like OC5 (5 band algorithms tuned for European Atlantic and tested successfully in the Mediterranean Sea). The improvement of SMED algorithms is important respect to MedOC (built based in data of the Mediterranean Sea) for all sensors, ranging 17%-37% in terms of the coefficient of determination (R2). In the case of OC algorithms (standard global algorithms currently operative for most ocean colour sensors), SMED also improves the estimates in 11%-22%, except in 4% for MERIS. Additionally, when comparing satellite estimates with in situ chlorophyll-a in log-log scale, SMED achieved the best correspondence, even with respect to OC5. During the calibration procedure MERIS remote sensing reflectances (RRS) showed a higher sensitivity to the presence of mineral aerosols, and therefore it is strongly recommended to include the value of Aerosol Optical Thickness (AOT) in the algorithms for chlorophyll in the region under study. A regional algorithm for VIIRS ocean colour sensor is also proposed based on a matchup database built from spatially and temporary distributed SMED chlorophyll-a values of MODIS-Aqua and VIIRS RRS. Our analysis suggests that SeaWiFS, MODIS-Aqua, and VIIRS based SMED algorithms can support generating a multiplatform time series in the region.
Abstract Zooplankton are major consumers of phytoplankton primary production in marine ecosystems. As such, they represent a critical link for energy and matter transfer between phytoplankton and bacterioplankton to higher trophic levels and play an important role in global biogeochemical cycles. In this Review, we discuss key responses of zooplankton to ocean warming, including shifts in phenology, range, and body size, and assess the implications to the biological carbon pump and interactions with higher trophic levels. Our synthesis highlights key knowledge gaps and geographic gaps in monitoring coverage that need to be urgently addressed. We also discuss an integrated sampling approach that combines traditional and novel techniques to improve zooplankton observation for the benefit of monitoring zooplankton populations and modelling future scenarios under global changes.
Effects of temperature on aspects of the life cycle and physiology of the copepod Calanus helgolandicus (C. helgolandicus) were investigated in the laboratory. Development times (DTs) were determined for organisms reared individually at 9, 12 and 15°C under saturated food conditions. While animals were successfully reared from egg to adulthood at 12 and 15°C, at 9°C, all the individuals had died prior to entering NV. The cohorts were fed with a monoculture of Prorocentrum micans as food saturating conditions. The cohorts were fed with monocultures of Prorocentrum micans which should represent saturated food concentrations with a dinoflagellate diet used in many other experimental studies. However, the monoculture nature of the diet and/or the laboratory containment conditions may have caused the mortality rates encountered. Impacts of short-term temperature change on egg production (EP) and hatching success were also investigated over the course of 1 year on individuals collected from station L4 (Western English Channel) and incubated in the laboratory. DTs increased as temperature decreased, with longer DTs at comparable temperature with those in Thompson's study [(1982) Growth and development of Pseudocalanus elongatus and Calanus sp. in the laboratory. J. Mar. Biol. Ass. UK, 62, 359–372.] Evidence is presented to suggest that in this other study a mix of Calanus finmarchicus and C. helgolandicus may have been used. Equiproportional development was observed for the nauplii, but no pattern was defined for the copepodites. At low temperatures, mortality rates in the incubations were higher, but adult condition factor was higher, the longer DTs allowed greater body mass to be accumulated. EP rate was correlated with temperature at station L4, but the short-term incubation temperature did not have a significant influence on EP when measured over a short timescale (24 h). Egg hatching success also did not differ between incubations with small temperature differences.
Variability in composition and structure of the mesozooplankton communities in the Bay of Malaga (SW Mediterranean) were characterized during a 26 h cycle using an integrative taxonomic approach. We combined microscopic identification of organisms, with metabarcoding for the genes of the mitochondrial DNA COI and the V9 hypervariable region of the ribosomal RNA 18S. Richness and diversity obtained by microscopy were higher than those measured with COI, as COI did not detect some phyla. COI however allowed for the identification to species level of several taxa that were left at higher taxonomic rank under the microscope. 18S detected a wider range of taxa than COI and microscopy, although with lower taxonomic resolution. Differences between coastal-night and shelf-day zooplankton communities structure were detected by both microscopy and metabarcoding. The combination of these two approaches increased the known copepod species in the SW Mediterranean Sea by 9%. An integrative approach combining morphology and COI metabarcoding is proposed to further facilitate mesozooplankton biodiversity studies.