The determination of the sources of electric activity inside the brain from electric and magnetic measurements on the surface of the head is known to be an ill-posed problem. In this paper, a new algorithm which takes temporal a priori information modeled by the smooth activation model into account is described and compared with existing algorithms such as Tikhonov-Phillips.
Fir trees ( Abies alba Mill.) in a permanently monitored forest in the Dinaric region in Slovenia respond to crown damages by distinctly reducing their ring widths. According to transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and UV-microspectrophotometry (UMSP) of cambium-adjacent latewood tracheids of affected trees, the secondary wall formation and lignification were completed by the middle of October. In samples taken at the same date from healthy looking silver firs, the S 3 and the warty layer were not yet present in cambium-adjacent latewood tracheids. Additionally, their inner S 2 showed lower lignin deposition, whereas the compound middle lamella, S 1 and outer S 2 were distinctly lignified as revealed by TEM and UMSP. It is assumed that these youngest tracheids of healthy trees will later undergo lignification or remain less lignified. From these observations we conclude that the cambial activity at breast height ends later in healthy silver fir trees as compared to declining trees.
Here we describe a proteomic data resource for the NCI-60 cell lines generated by pressure cycling technology and SWATH mass spectrometry. We developed the DIA-expert software to curate and visualize the SWATH data, leading to reproducible detection of over 3,100 SwissProt proteotypic proteins and systematic quantification of pathway activities. Stoichiometric relationships of interacting proteins for DNA replication, repair, the chromatin remodeling NuRD complex, β-catenin, RNA metabolism, and prefoldins are more evident than that at the mRNA level. The data are available in CellMiner (discover.nci.nih.gov/cellminercdb and discover.nci.nih.gov/cellminer), allowing casual users to test hypotheses and perform integrative, cross-database analyses of multi-omic drug response correlations for over 20,000 drugs. We demonstrate the value of proteome data in predicting drug response for over 240 clinically relevant chemotherapeutic and targeted therapies. In summary, we present a novel proteome resource for the NCI-60, together with relevant software tools, and demonstrate the benefit of proteome analyses.
ABSTRACT Douglas-fir ( Pseudotsuga menziesii ) has distinctly colored heartwood as a result of extractive deposition during heartwood formation. This is known to affect natural durability and treatability with preservatives, as well as other types of wood modification involving infiltration with chemicals. The distribution of extractives in sapwood and heartwood of Douglas-fir was studied using fluorescence microscopy. Several different types of extractive including flavonoids, resin acids, and tannins were localized to heartwood cell walls, resin canals, and rays, using autofluorescence or staining of flavonoids with Naturstoff A reagent. Extractives were found to infiltrate the cell walls of heartwood tracheids and were also present to a lesser extent in sapwood tracheid cell walls, especially in regions adjacent to the resin canals. Förster resonance energy transfer measurements showed that the accessibility of lignin lining cell wall micropores to rhodamine dye was reduced by about 50%, probably as a result of cell wall-bound tannin-like materials which accumulate in heartwood relative to sapwood, and are responsible for the orange color of the heartwood. These results indicate that micro-distribution of heartwood extractives affects cell wall porosity which is reduced by the accumulation of heartwood extractives in softwood tracheid cell walls.
Enzymatic and topochemical aspects of lignification were studied in a Pinus radiata D. Don cell culture system that was induced to differentiate tracheary elements and sclereids with lignified secondary cell walls. The activities of the lignin-related enzymes phenylalanine ammonia lyase (PAL; EC 4.3.1.5) and cinnamyl alcohol dehydrogenase (CAD; EC 1.1.1.195) increased concomitantly with cell differentiation, indicating that the increase in enzyme activity was related to lignification of the cell walls and was not induced by stress. This result also indicates that PAL and CAD are suitable markers for tracheary element differentiation in coniferous gymnosperms. To further characterize lignification in this cell culture system, cellular UV-microspectrophotometry and thioacidolysis were employed. Typical UV-absorption spectra of lignin were obtained from the secondary cell walls of the tracheary elements and sclereids and from the compound middle lamella connecting differentiated cells, and the presence of lignin was confirmed by thioacidolysis. Certain aspects of lignin topochemistry in the cell walls of the tracheary elements were similar to cell walls of P. radiata wood, such as the high lignin concentration in the compound middle lamella connecting adjacent cells and the lower lignin concentration in the secondary cell walls. Therefore, the P. radiata cell culture system appears to be well suited to study the formation of lignified secondary cell walls in coniferous gymnosperms.
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