Abstract ‘Bad’ data resulting from ill‐designed experiments or in‐production/after‐production monitoring require a careful use of proper statistical techniques for their analysis. Prior exploration of the available data is of paramout importance especially if we wish to apply off‐line quality control techniques such as the Taguchi method. A stepwise approach is proposed involving data analysis and straightforward significance tests, which can ensure statistically valid and useful conclusions.
Functional magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in the nonhuman primate promises to provide a much desired link between brain research in humans and the large body of systems neuroscience work in animals. We present here a novel high field, large-bore, vertical MR system (7 T/60 cm, 300 MHz), which was optimized for neuroscientific research in macaque monkeys. A strong magnetic field was applied to increase sensitivity and spatial resolution for both MRI and spectroscopy. Anatomical imaging with voxel sizes as small as 75150300 Am 3 and with high contrast-to-noise ratios permitted the visualization of the characteristic lamination of some neocortical areas, e.g., Baillarger lines. Relaxation times were determined for different structures: at 7 T, T1 was 2.01/1.84/1.54 s in GM/GM-V1/ WM, T2 was 59.1/54.4 ms in GM/WM and T2* was 29 ms. At 4.7 T, T1 was 25% shorter, T2 and T2* 18% longer compared to 7T. Spatiotemporally resolved blood-oxygen-level-dependent (BOLD) signal changes yielded robust activations and deactivations (negative BOLD), with average amplitudes of 4.1% and 2.4%, respectively. Finally, the first high-resolution (500 Am in-plane) images of cerebral blood flow in the anesthetized monkey are presented. On functional activation we observed flow increases of up to 38% (59 to 81 ml/100 g/min) in the primary visual cortex, V1. Compared to BOLD maps, functional CBF maps were found to be localized entirely within the gray matter, providing unequivocal evidence for high spatial specificity. The exquisite sensitivity of the system and the increased specificity of the hemodynamic signals promise further insights into the relationship of the latter to the underlying physiological activity.
We describe a new method for mapping spatial attention that reveals a pooling of attention in the hemifield opposite a peripheral flash. Our method exploits the fact that a brief full-field blank can interfere with the detection of changes in a scene that occur during the blank. Attending to the location of a change, however, can overcome this change blindness, so that changes are detected. The likelihood of detecting a new element in a scene therefore provides a measure of the occurrence of attention at that element's location. Using this measure, we mapped how attention changes in response to a task-irrelevant peripheral cue. Under conditions of visual fixation, change detection was above chance across the entire visual area tested. In addition, a "hot spot" of attention (corresponding to near-perfect change detection) elongated along the cue-fixation axis, such that performance improved not only at the cued location but also in the opposite hemifield.