In this paper a comparison is made of three established frameworks that have been developed to analyze the different determinants for maternal mortality and morbidity. The frameworks are used to show different factors that may affect maternal deaths and rates within a country. A review of literature was done with a specific focus on Sub-Saharan Africa. Countries attributing towards the high and low maternal mortality rates are discussed in regard to the frameworks. Countries that have shown significant improvement towards the reduction of maternal rates within the same region were also included. Different levels within the discussed frameworks were shown to contribute toward high Maternal Mortality Rates when the said level factors were not addressed.
Physiotherapy learners treat patients with Human Immuno-deficiency Virus/Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (HIV/AIDS). There is no available published research on physiotherapy learners' opinions about how the South Afican physiotherapy undergraduate program is helping them cope with HIV/AIDS patients. This study determines whether the physiotherapy degree offered at South African Universities, adequately prepares learners to cope with HIV/AIDS patients. Differences in knowledge and attitudes of physiotherapy learners regarding HIV/AIDS, amongst universities is also explored. Two hundred and two senior physiotherapy learners from eight South African universities returned their questionnaires and 55% of these were viable for analysis. A large portion (79%) of learners indicated that the physiotherapy undergraduate degree did not adequately prepare them to cope with HIV/AIDS patients. Learners' knowledge and attitudes regarding HIV/AIDS differed significantly (41% to 73%) amongst universities. Formal lectures on HIV/AIDS significantly affected knowledge (0% -100%) but not attitude towards patients. The role of the physiotherapist, precautions, transmission modes, syndrome stages, counseling and clinical skills were considered critical in the management of HIV/AIDS patients.
A search of the literature showed limited reported research on the epidemiology of TBI in South Africa. This prompted a search of literature on the epidemiology of TBI in the rest of the world. Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a leading cause of death and disability in most western countries. Motor vehicle accidents (MVA) are the main cause of TBI, followed by gun- shot wounds (GSW) and falls. In South Africa, road accident fatalities are 27,3 per 100 000 of the population. The causes of death and disability vary with age, race and gender groups. Improved medical emergency care has resulted in a decrease in the mortality rate following TBI, but has increased the morbidity rate. The increase in the number of people living with neuro- logical impairments is a significant economic burden when taking into account hospitalization, rehabilitation, medication and the loss of working hours. The emotional burden is unknown. The purpose of this paper is to place in perspective, the epidemiology of TBI, by looking at the published literature in the rest of the world. In the developing world it is projected that the burden of disease resulting from interpersonal violence will nearly double by 2020 unless preventive action is taken. Many more people survive acts of interpersonal violence than die from them.
This study examined the effects of ankle passive movement on lung function in healthy adults. A pre-test post-test experimental design was used. Passive plantar and dorsiflexion of the ankle were performed at 60 repetitions per minute on 60 healthy subjects in the supine position. Lung function at rest was compared to that during passive movements. The results indicated that all measured parameters including the breathing frequency, tidal volume, minute ventilation, oxygen consumption and carbon dioxide output, increased significantly during passive movements as compared to those at rest. The authors conclude that passive movements elicit a significant ventilatory increase in healthy human subjects. The effect of passive movements in the treatment of unconscious or diseased individuals should be investigated.
An increase in dependent elderly people together with a change in social structure from extended to nuclear families is resulting in institutionalization of the elderly. Since training of health care personnel is not keeping pace with the demands for health care, many institutions for the elderly are forced to function without the necessary health personnel. The purpose of the present study was to examine the functional status of the residents of one geriatric facility without health care personnel in Durban, South Africa. Functional status of each of the 101 residents was assessed using the Barthel Index. The results show that although overall Barthel Index scores showed that ageing or pathology did not influence numbers of functional elderly, individual analysis of items indicated that the majority of the residents could not perform basic functional tasks like feeding, bathing and climbing stairs.
In South Africa (SA), anecdotal evidence for the incidence of shoulder, back and neck pain in school children is alarming but no scientific studies have confirmed this impression. The purpose of the present study was to determine the relationship between pain and school bag carriage in scholars in Durban, SA.A study was carried out at four different schools in the Verulam and Chatsworth Regions in Kwa-Zulu Natal, SA. Schools were selected by convenience. One hundred and seventy six scholars between the ages of 11 and 14 years correctly filled out a questionnaire with open-ended and closed-ended questions. Each child also had his/her body and bag weight measured.In this study, most of the scholars experienced shoulder and a combination of shoulder and other bodily pain. The majority of the children carried backpacks over two shoulders. The type of bag carried was significantly related to pain experienced (0.00). A significantly larger number of female scholars experienced pain.The shoulder and other bodily pain experienced by the sample of scholars are strongly related to the type of bag and the gender of the children. More in-depth studies into identifying risk factors for bodily pains in school children are indicated.
Sport is a compulsory activity in schools in South Africa. Female learners participating in soccer are more vulnerable to injuries than males.This study determined the epidemiology of injuries in female high school soccer players.A cross sectional survey captured the epidemiology of injuries in the players. The population included 200 players from 27 high schools in one district between the ages of 14 to 19 years. A self-administered questionnaire was used to collect data.Only 85 scholars from 8 schools participated. From the 85 respondents, 31 (36.5%) sustained injuries. Only 61 injuries were reported by the injured players. The injury prevalence for the season was 36.5%. The rate of injury was 90 per 1000 athlete exposure hours during the season. The defenders and midfielders sustained the most injuries. Most injuries reported were contact in nature. More injuries occurred during training than during matches. The lower extremity (77.8%) was injured more than the upper extremity (22.2%). The knee (22.2%) and ankle (15.9%) were the most frequently injured body parts. Muscle injury was the most commonly reported followed by bruising.Prevalence of injuries was high with the lower limb, specifically the knee and ankle being commonly injured.