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Propolis is a resinous mixture of plant origin collected by honey bees. The chemical composition and biological activity of propolis depends on its botanical origin thus making it important to connect a particular propolis to its plant source. This manuscript describes DNA extraction from Brazillian red propolis and also shows how the extracted DNA can be utilized as a new alternative to determine the botanical origin of propolis. DNA from propolis was extracted using a CTAB-based method and the extracted DNA was proved to be of good quality for PCR amplification. DNA extraction was carried out from various samples collected independently with similar results proving the successfulness of the described protocol. The extracted DNA was amplified by PCR, using plant specific primers. Sequencing of the PCR amplified bands can be utilized for the identification of its botanical origin.
The recently developed geometric morphometrics methods represent an important contribution of statistics and geometry to the study of biological shapes.We propose simple protocols using shape distances that incorporate geometric techniques into linear quantitative genetic models that should provide insights into the contribution of genetics to shape variation in organisms.The geometric approaches use Procrustes distances in a curved shape space and distances in tangent spaces within and among families to estimate shape heritability.We illustrate the protocols with an example of wing shape variation in the honeybee, Apis mellifera.The heritability of overall shape variation was small, but some localized components depicting shape changes on distal wing regions showed medium to large heritabilities.The genetic variance-covariance matrix of the geometric shape variables was significantly correlated with the phenotypic shape variance-covariance matrix.A comparison of the results of geometric methods with the traditional multivariate analysis of interlandmark distances indicated that even with a larger dimensionality, the interlandmark distances were not as rich in shape information as the landmark coordinates.Quantitative genetics studies of shape should greatly benefit from the application of geometric methods.
Dalbergia ecastaphyllum was found to be the botanical origin of Brazilian red propolis by chemical and molecular studies increasing the interest in research with this plant species. The National Institute of Industrial Property (INPI), Brazil granted the designation of origin to red propolis and red propolis extract from Alagoas state whose composition includes, among other chemical compounds, formononetin and daidzein. However, several studies have identified the chemical markers of this product in samples of D. ecastaphyllum and propolis of Sergipe state. The objective of this study was to compare the chemical and genetic identity between D. ecastaphyllum populations and propolis samples collected from the north (Alagoas) and south (Sergipe) banks of the São Francisco river also known as the lower São Francisco region. D. ecastaphyllum samples and propolis from this region showed similar chromatographic profiles and ESI (−) – MS fingerprints. The markers formononetin, biochanin A and daidzein were found in D. ecastaphyllum and propolis collected from Sergipe and Alagoas. DNA sequencing demonstrated that Dalbergia population from Alagoas and Sergipe are highly homogeneous, having exactly the same haplotype. Thus D. ecastaphyllum from the lower São Francisco have the same genetic characteristics and chemical profiles including the chemical markers considered for propolis from Alagoas, asking for more comparative studies between propolis produced in the northeastern region of Brazil with the possible extension of geographical indication to other states as well.
Background: Rotavirus is an important aetiological agent for severe diarrhoea in infants and young children worldwide. Anti-rotavirus antibodies in human colostrum and milk may interfere with rotavirus vaccination seroconversion.Aims: To verify the presence of anti-rotavirus secretory IgA antibodies (SIgA) and the neutralizing capacity of 30 colostrum and 30 milk samples from Brazilian women in two different centres and analyze their persistence throughout lactation.Methods: Colostrum and milk samples from healthy nursing mothers were tested for the presence of anti-rotavirus SIgA using conventional ELISA and their capacity to neutralize rotavirus using MA-104 cell cultures. Total IgA concentrations and anti-rotavirus SIgA levels were measured in samples collected from three mothers during 90 or 240 days of the lactation period.Results: Colostrum samples showed higher levels of anti-rotavirus SIgA and higher neutralizing ability than in milk. However, these antibodies levels were not statistically different. In addition, there was no correlation between antibody levels and the neutralizing activity observed in colostrum and milk samples. Follow-up of three mothers demonstrated the persistence of anti-rotavirus and total IgA levels throughout lactation.Conclusions: These results support the encouragement of breastfeeding as a mechanism of protection against rotavirus infection in lactating infants. Components other than SIgA antibodies might play an important role in virus neutralization.
The objective of this scientometric review is to search the literature in order to examine the uses and effects of propolis and highlight emerging trends and research gaps in relation to this natural product. The review also systematizes the study models used, methodological trends, and the main obstacles faced in the collection, extraction, and concentration of the raw material, as well as the emerging challenges in the standardization of extracts and their bioactive compounds for use in pharmacology and experimental therapeutics. The search revealed that propolis has a wide range of effects, including anti-inflammatory, healing, antioxidant, antimicrobial, analgesic, and anticarcinogenic activities, arising mainly from its polyphenolic compounds. A multivariate analysis of canonical correspondence was used to correlate these compounds with these effects. In order to identify and retrieve the most important published literature in this field in the last decade, a database search (PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science) was performed. The search terms were: propolis, biological properties, therapeutics, adjuvant, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, antimicrobial, healing, anticarcinogenic, antinociceptive, neuroregenerative, and toxicity, as well as their respective combinations. The multivariate analysis clarified the effects played by the propolis metabolites. The review also revealed that few articles have explored the antinociceptive and neurological effects of propolis, highlighting a gap in this research field, and the possible neglect of important targets for the development of drugs for neurological diseases and the treatment of pain. The results also reinforced the need for more studies on living systems and showed a trend for methods using superfluid extraction, with ethanol being the most suitable solvent. The review also indicated the potential use of propolis extract in nutraceutical and as an adjuvant, enhancing the effects of other drugs.
Introduction: In the last years visceral leishmaniasis are becoming an important problem of public health due it’s progressively expansion from rural to urban areas of many very important cities and regions of Brazil, including Aracaju, the capital of Sergipe state. However, there are no studies about the sand fly fauna present on this region or its seasonal variation. Methods: Phlebotomine sand flies collections were carried out in a rural area of Aracaju, the capital of Sergipe state from September 2007 to July 2009. Ultraviolet (UV) light traps were used for evaluating seasonal and spatial distribution of sand flies in the domestic and peridomestic environments. Results: The most abundant specie was Lutzomyia longipalpis (90.4%) followed by Evandromyia lenti (9,6%). Chicken shed was the trap site with the highest number of L. longipalpis (51.1%) and in the houses closest to it also the highest number of L. longipalpis were collected. There was a positive correlation between the month rainfall means and the number of L. longipalpis abundance. Conclusions: The results have shown that L. longipalpis is the most abundant species and probably the main vector of visceral leishmaniasis in the rural area of Aracaju. The outdoor-indoor experiments reinforce the relevance of chicken shed for the presence of L. longipalpis in the peridomestic environment.
Abstract Propolis is produced by the honeybees by using resin and other plant secretions. Propolis from different geographical regions have different chemical compositions. This is because the chemical constituents of propolis depend on the vegetation surrounding the apiary. In this report we present a new approach using DNA barcoding for the identification of the botanical origin of propolis. Red propolis samples were collected at different times of the year from the state of Sergipe situated in Northeast Brazil. Extraction of the DNA from propolis was made using a CTA B method. Amplification was done using ITS 2 universal primers, followed by DNA sequencing. Sequence analysis confirmed the presence of Dalbergia ecastaphyllum in the Brazilian red propolis. Formononetin is a chemical marker for the Brazillian red propolis and D. ecastaphyllum. Propolis samples analysed by DNA sequencing, were also checked by Ultra-Fast Liquid Chromatography for the presence of formononetin. Peaks corresponding to formononetin were observed in all the analysed propolis samples. This is the first report of the botanical origin of propolis using DNA technology.
This study investigated the morphometric variation in Melipona scutellaris stingless bees rational hive boxes from five states, inserted into the natural range of the species occurrence in northeastern Brazil. The cluster analysis (UPGMA) showed three distinct groups by determining the cutoff point. The multivariate analysis were performed using MANOVA and Canonical Variables for the shape analysis. The One-Way ANOVA was used to assess differences in centroid size. The results showed population divergence between localities limited by geographical barriers or great distances, corroborating previous observations by the UPGMA. Variation between colonies inter-state was higher that intra-state and, in most cases, Geometric Morphometrics was effective in identifying the origin of colonies transported to other states, observed in the cross-validation analysis that showed more than 70% of classification accuracy. Geometric Morphometrics could be used to evaluate the introduction of colonies within the kindred meliponary. Natural populations of Melipona scutellaris show a significant variation, which brings important implications to meliponiculture and to conservation strategies for this endangered species.