Neutralizing activity and secretory IgA antibodies reactive with rotavirus SA-11 (serotype G3) in colostrum and milk from Brazilian women
Milene Tino de FrancoPatrícia Dore VieiraSimone M.R. SantosThalita L. FerreiraEdílson Divino de AraújoVirgínia Spínola QuintalS B Carbonare
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Background: Rotavirus is an important aetiological agent for severe diarrhoea in infants and young children worldwide. Anti-rotavirus antibodies in human colostrum and milk may interfere with rotavirus vaccination seroconversion.Aims: To verify the presence of anti-rotavirus secretory IgA antibodies (SIgA) and the neutralizing capacity of 30 colostrum and 30 milk samples from Brazilian women in two different centres and analyze their persistence throughout lactation.Methods: Colostrum and milk samples from healthy nursing mothers were tested for the presence of anti-rotavirus SIgA using conventional ELISA and their capacity to neutralize rotavirus using MA-104 cell cultures. Total IgA concentrations and anti-rotavirus SIgA levels were measured in samples collected from three mothers during 90 or 240 days of the lactation period.Results: Colostrum samples showed higher levels of anti-rotavirus SIgA and higher neutralizing ability than in milk. However, these antibodies levels were not statistically different. In addition, there was no correlation between antibody levels and the neutralizing activity observed in colostrum and milk samples. Follow-up of three mothers demonstrated the persistence of anti-rotavirus and total IgA levels throughout lactation.Conclusions: These results support the encouragement of breastfeeding as a mechanism of protection against rotavirus infection in lactating infants. Components other than SIgA antibodies might play an important role in virus neutralization.Keywords:
Seroconversion
Immunoglobulin A
Seroconversion of immunoglobulin A (IgA) and immunoglobulin G (IgG) (⩾4-fold rise) to rotavirus nonstructural protein 4 (NSP4) was determined, by use of enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay with fusion proteins glutathione S-transferase (GST)-NSP4 from strains SA11 (A), 116E (B), and RRV (C), in 40 children with acute rotavirus gastroenteritis and in 30 with the same disease due to other pathogens. The IgG seroconversion rates in the rotavirus group were 67.5%, 70%, and 60% when recombinant (r) NSP4A, -B, and -C, respectively, were used as antigen in the assay, and, for rotavirus-uninfected children, rates were 10%, 13%, and 7%. IgA seroconversion occurred in 57%, 70%, and 50%, respectively, of children with rotavirus gastroenteritis; in rotavirus-uninfected children, 1 child each seroconverted to the different rNSP4s. Among 9 children infected with strain NSP4A, 7, 6, and 5 children showed IgG seroconversion, and, among 18 infected with NSP4A, -B, and -C, 16, 17, and 15, respectively, showed IgG seroconversion. Between NSP4A-infected and NSP4B-infected children, IgA responses were similar to IgG responses. In conclusion, significant NSP4-specific antibody response occurs in natural rotavirus infection, and the antibody response appears to be broad and heterotypic in nature
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New-born calves, artificially fed colostrum or native colostral whey, either dried or preserved by another method, had good health and good weight gains (between 0.05 and 0.60 kg). No greater differences were observed between the groups of calves given three times the colostrum of their mothers, calves given mixed colostrum, and calves fed colostral whey powder. In all groups only individual differences in IgG content in the blood serum were observed after 48 hours from birth. Hypogammaglobulinaemia occurred in individual cases both in calves given small amounts of colostrum or colostral whey and in calves given sufficient quantities. The time that had elapsed from birth to the first drinking did not exert any greater influence upon the IgG level in the blood; the decisive factor was the amount of colostrum taken in by the calf in the first dose. The rate of the absorption of IgG1, IgG2, IgA, and IgM from colostrum and the concentration of the immunoglobulins in the serum depended on the quantity of colostrum in the first dose and were not influenced to any greater degree by the amount of colostrum given to the calves in further doses. The amount of IgG in the blood serum of calves corresponded approximately to the level of colostral antibodies to the virus PI-3. The antibodies to the virus PI-3 and small quantities of IgG were observed also in the serum to new-born calves before drinking colostrum.
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Contents Quality, content and properties of colostrum are crucial for the neonate and its further development. Due to essential differences between intrauterine and extrauterine environment, the neonate is exposed to oxidative stress conditions. Colostrum apart from nutrient and immunological components should contain antioxidative systems necessary for the protection against reactive oxygen species. This review describes available data on enzymatic and non‐enzymatic antioxidants in colostrum. Due to the fact that the literature concerning bovine colostrum is scanty, the information based on bovine mature milk determinations as well as other species is provided. Bovine colostrum is used not only by calves, but also for the production of hyperimmunized colostrum, medicines or feed supplements. Quality of colostrum influences quality of mature milk. This is another reason, except from health of neonate, why antioxidative properties of bovine colostrum are of special importance and require further detailed elucidation.
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This study compared serum immunoglobulin G (IgG) concentrations in calves fed colostrum with those of calves fed a colostrum supplement containing spray‐dried serum. Twenty‐four Holstein calves were randomly assigned to 1 of 2 treatment groups (fresh colostrum or colostrum supplement). Each calf was fed 4 L of colostrum (n 1 = 12) or 4 L of colostrum supplement (n 2 = 12) via oroesophageal intubation at 3 hours of age. The concentration of the colostrum supplement fed to calves was twice the manufacturer's recommendation. The median and range values for colostral IgG concentration were 6,430 mg/dL and 1,400‐17,000 mg/ dL, respectively. Median serum IgG concentrations at 2 days of age differed significantly ( P = .001) between calves receiving fresh colostrum (3,350 mg/dL) and the colostrum supplement (643 mg/dL). Eight percent of calves force fed colostrum had serum IgG concentrations <1,000 mg/dL, whereas 75% of calves force‐fed supplement had IgG concentrations below this threshold. The calculated population relative risks for mortality associated with passive transfer for calves force‐fed colostrum and calves force‐fed colostrum supplement were 1.09 and 1.90, respectively. Force‐fed fresh colostrum is superior to the colostrum supplement studied, but the colostrum supplement has similar efficacy to routine colostrum administration practices.
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This study investigates the physical and microbial parameters of bovine colostrum powder. Colostrum is the first mammary secretion for 24 - 48 hours after parturition and is a complex fluid rich in immune factors and growth factors. Studies have indicated that the immune boosting properties of bovine colostrum are beneficial for human beings with no reports of allergic or anaphylactic reactions. Colostrum powder was prepared by spray drying the whole colostrum. Physical and Microbial parameters were analyzed in colostrum powder. The total viable count found to be increased as the advancement of storage and coliforms were not detected. While comparing the water activity on initial and final day no changes were observed. With regard to physical parameters viz. texture analysis, insolubility index and bulk density no difference was found between cow and buffalo colostrum powder. Storage study of colostrum powder was carried out up to 6 months period
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Passive immunity
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