Deep Vein Thrombosis (DVT) is a multicausal disease involving both acquired as well as genetic factors. Nitric oxide is an influential endogenous factor having its role in the development of deep vein thrombosis. It maintains the vascular integrity and any alterations in its levels may lead to a thrombotic event. It may also modulate homocysteine metabolism to cause hyperhomocysteinemia, which is a prominent risk factor for thrombosis. The objective of the study was to study if endothelial nitric oxide gene polymorphisms, 894G/T, and 2479G/A alter the plasma nitric oxide and homocysteine levels which may eventually increase the risk of deep vein thrombosis.One hundred Doppler ultrasonography and computerized tomography confirmed (for cerebral venous thrombosis), non-related DVT patients (M:F = 58:42; age range = 18 to 61 years) served as the study population. Two hundred hospital staff and their relatives or unrelated attendants of the patients served as the controls. Nitric oxide levels were determined by measuring its metabolites (NOx), and EIA was used to measure homocysteine levels. Polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) was used for detecting the eNOS polymorphisms 894G/T and 2479G/A.In total, DVT subjects have 25% higher plasma levels of homocysteine and 37% lower levels of NOx in their circulation when compared to controls. In tertile analysis of nitric oxide and homocysteine levels, 894G/T and 2479G/A polymorphisms were associated with plasma nitric oxide and homocysteine levels. The increased risk of deep vein thrombosis was associated with endothelial nitric oxide gene polymorphisms and nitric oxide levels, but homocysteine levels were not a risk for deep vein thrombosis.The present study demonstrates that 894G/T and 2479G/A polymorphisms interact with lower levels of nitric oxide and higher levels of homocysteine that may possess the risk of deep vein thrombosis.
Abstract Background Hypothyroidism is a common endocrine disorder with female preponderance. Protein carbonyls (cP) and malondialdehyde (MDA) are generated due to protein and lipid peroxidation, respectively. Oxidative stress (OS) in freshly diagnosed hypothyroidism met with conflicting data in the research. And, a clear relationship between OS and early hypothyroidism is very limited and obscure. Therefore, we aimed to investigate the association between levels of MDA vs. thyrotropin (TSH) and cP vs. TSH among freshly diagnosed hypothyroid subjects. Methods We collected blood samples of 80 hypothyroid subjects prior to initiation of thyroxine therapy to know the association between OS and freshly diagnosed hypothyroidism. Serum MDA, cP along with total cholesterol (TC), low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) and triacylglycerols (TG) were quantified in patients as well as 80 age- and sex-matched control subjects. Results Levels of MDA and cP were significantly elevated among hypothyroid subjects as compared to control. The rise in MDA levels positively correlated with TSH values among the patients. In addition, cP levels were substantially elevated as compared to MDA values; however, it does not correlate with TSH among hypothyroid subjects. Conclusions Our study found no relationship between cP and TSH in freshly diagnosed hypothyroidism. Though it may be due to differential degradation of protein peroxidation products, the mechanism needs further elucidation in future studies.
Background: Hoarseness has a diverse etiology. Most of the causes are benign but the possibility of laryngeal cancer warrants early investigation and treatment. This study was conducted to determine the etiology of hoarseness in our setup and highlight the importance of microlaryngoscopy in the management of hoarseness. Methods: This prospective study was conducted at the department of ENT, PGMI/HMC, Peshawar from January 1, 2010 to June 30, 2011. A total of 76 cases were included in the study. The indication for microlaryngoscopy was persistent hoarseness of voice. All the patients underwent microlaryngoscopy and the apparently benign looking lesions were excised. In others, examination was limited to determination of extent and taking biopsy from the lesions. Diagnosis was made on the basis of laryngoscopic/biopsy findings. The results were analyzed using SPSS 10.0 for windows. Results: A total of 76 patients were included in this study. The male to female ratio was 1.7:1. The type of laryngeal mucosal lesions as determined on microlaryngoscopy was; vocal cord nodules 33%, vocal cord polyps 20%, recurrent respiratory papillomatosis 10.52%, cyst 7.89%, chronic granulomatous inflammation 5.26%, Reinke’s edema 3.94%, chronic non specific granulomas 2.6% and subglottic hamangioma 1.31%. Two (2.36%) cases were having leukoplakia of the vocal cord and 13.15% cases were diagnosed as malignant. Conclusion: Chronic persistent hoarseness occurs due to a variety of causes, the majority of which are benign in nature. Microlaryngoscopy is a useful tool for the investigation of patients presenting with chronic persistent hoarseness.
Today many cellular networks are working in parallel. For instance Global System for Mobile Communication (GSM), Universal Mobile Telecommunication System (UMTS) and Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access (WiMAX) etc. All of these technologies are based on cellular networks. Cellular networks are comprised of cells. Cells in the cellular network are allocated frequency channels from the available bandwidth. These frequency channels are responsible for communication between the mobile users. Number of available channels in a cell is limited and due to this limitation if traffic in the cell is high users may face call terminations and may be blocked by the cell completely. GSM is the most popular cellular network yet used in almost 200 countries of the world [29]. Due to lack of high data rates GSM is not able to support wireless broadband users. WiMAX is currently under development and is a new technology in 3G systems (near to 4G). It has support for wireless broadband users, both fixed and mobile. For fixed users (Mainly Office and Home) disconnectivity in the connection is intolerable. Such users are needed to be allocated permanent channels, so they never face disconnectivity due to unavailability of channels in the cell. For this purpose in our thesis work we have performed analysis on channels allocation schemes namely Non Prioritized Scheme (NPS) and Reserved Channel Scheme (RCS) in WiMAX scenario, in context of permanent channel allocation. These schemes were previously used for those cellular networks which had no need for permanent channel allocation in the cell. We have performed simulations on these schemes in MATLAB and have compared their results in terms of Blocking Probability (Pb), Probability of handover failure (Ph), Probability of forced termination (Pft) and Probability of not completed calls (Pnc). Here call represents any kind of job (Mobile or Fixed).
Otomycosis is a common condition affecting external ear and ears with chronic suppurative otitis media, and has a tendency for recurrence. Objective of this study was to determine the efficacy of topical clotrimazole in the treatment of otomycosis.This descriptive study was conducted at the outpatient department of ENT, Ayub Teaching Hospital Abbottabad, from Jul 2012 to Dec 2012. A total of 101 patients were included in this study. The results were compared and analysed regarding age, gender, presenting complaints and efficacy of clotrimazole.A total of 101 patients of otomycosis were included in the study. Male to female ratio was 0.71:1. Patients of 15 years and above were included in the study. Adults were more affected by otomycosis than the younger age group. The efficacy of clotrimazole in treatment of otomycosis was observed in 89 (94.12%) while in 12 (5.88%) patients no efficacy was seen. Age and gender have no role in efficacy of Clotrimazole in treatment of Otomycosis.Topical clotrimazole is effective in the treatment of Otomycosis.
To validate C-reactive protein (CRP), red cell distribution width (RDW), and neutrophil lymphocyte ratio (NLR) for both serious outcomes and length of hospital stay (LOS) among hospitalized coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19) patients.Laboratory data of adult COVID-19 patients (n=74) was collected in this retrospective cohort. Logistic regression was employed for risk factor evaluation and receiver operating curve was used for comparison of these risk factors for the prediction of serious outcome. Multiple regression was applied to determine the association between routine analytes and LOS.Higher levels of CRP (3 times), white blood cells (20%), and neutrophil counts (40%) were seen in the serious category. Odds ratio for CRP for the serious outcome was 1.052 (p=0.007) and RDW for the serious outcome was 1.218 (p=0.040) in unadjusted model and odds ratio for CRP for the serious outcome was 1.048 (p=0.024) and for RDW 1.286 (p=0.023) in adjusted model. In a multivariate regression analysis for the LOS of the unadjusted models consisting of NLR, monocyte lymphocyte ratio (MLR) and platelet lymphocyte ratio (PLR), the beta coefficients (BC) for the CRP were 0.006 (NLR), 0.005 (MLR) and 0.006 (PLR), whereas -0.029 (NLR), -0.034 (MLR) and -0.027 (PLR) were BCs for mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC). Additionally, in adjusted models, the BCs for MCHC were -0.044 (NLR), -0.047 (MLR) and -0.043 (PLR). However, the CRP was consistent with 0.004 (BC) in all models.We observed that CRP is a better predictor than RDW and NLR for serious outcome among COVID-19 patients. Besides, CRP was positively, whereas MCHC was negatively associated with LOS.
Abstract Background Hypothyroidism is a common endocrine disorder with female preponderance. Protein carbonyls (cP) and malondialdehyde (MDA) are generated due to protein and lipid peroxidation, respectively. Oxidative stress (OS) in freshly diagnosed hypothyroidism met with conflicting data in the research. And, a clear relationship between OS and early hypothyroidism is very limited and obscure. Therefore, we aimed to investigate the association between levels of MDA vs. thyrotropin (TSH) and cP vs. TSH among freshly diagnosed hypothyroid subjects. Methods We collected blood samples of 80 hypothyroid subjects prior to initiation of thyroxine therapy to know the association between OS and freshly diagnosed hypothyroidism. Serum MDA, cP along with total cholesterol (TC), low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) and triacylglycerols (TG) were quantified in patients as well as 80 age- and sex-matched control subjects. Results Levels of MDA and cP were significantly elevated among hypothyroid subjects as compared to control. The rise in MDA levels positively correlated with TSH values among the patients. In addition, cP levels were substantially elevated as compared to MDA values; however, it does not correlate with TSH among hypothyroid subjects. Conclusions Our study found no relationship between cP and TSH in freshly diagnosed hypothyroidism. Though it may be due to differential degradation of protein peroxidation products, the mechanism needs further elucidation in future studies.
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