Bill James

Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation

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Tom Walsh

Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation

Sharon Downes

Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation

Juan Ferré

Universitat de València

Maissa Chakroun

National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology

Nonthakorn Apirajkamol

Macquarie University

Wee Tek Tay

Macquarie University

Karl Gordon

Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation

Michelle Williams

Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation

Angela McGaughran

University of Waikato

Lisa J. Bird

TriHealth

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Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation

ACT Government

Health Sciences and Nutrition

Australian National University

CSIRO Land and Water

Ecosystem Sciences

Macquarie University

University of Melbourne

Universitat de València

CSIRO Health and Biosecurity

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Oxidative stress delays development and alters gene expression in the agricultural pest moth, Helicoverpa armigera

Ecology and Evolution (2020)

Nonthakorn Apirajkamol Bill James Karl Gordon Tom Walsh Angela McGaughran

Abstract Stress is a widespread phenomenon that all organisms must endure. Common in nature is oxidative stress, which can interrupt cell homeostasis to cause cell damage and may be derived from respiration or from environmental exposure through diet. As a result of the routine exposure from respiration, many organisms can mitigate the effects of oxidative stress, but less is known about responses to oxidative stress from other sources. Helicoverpa armigera is a major agricultural pest moth that causes significant damage to crops worldwide. Here, we examined the effects of oxidative stress on H. armigera by chronically exposing individuals to paraquat—a free radical producer—and measuring changes in development (weight, developmental rate, lifespan), and gene expression. We found that oxidative stress strongly affected development in H. armigera , with stressed samples spending more time as caterpillars than control samples (>24 vs. ~15 days, respectively) and therefore living longer overall. We found 1,618 up‐ and 761 down‐regulated genes, respectively, in stressed versus control samples. In the up‐regulated gene set, was an over‐representation of biological processes related to cuticle and chitin development, glycine metabolism, and oxidation–reduction. Oxidative stress clearly impacts physiology and biochemistry in H. armigera and the interesting finding of an extended lifespan in stressed individuals could demonstrate hormesis, the phenomenon whereby toxic compounds can actually be beneficial at low doses. Collectively, our findings provide new insights into physiological and gene expression responses to oxidative stress in invertebrates.

Hormesis

10.1002/ece3.6308

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Characterization of the resistance to Vip3Aa in Helicoverpa armigera from Australia and the role of midgut processing and receptor binding

Scientific Reports (2016)

Maissa Chakroun Núria Banyuls Tom Walsh Sharon Downes Bill James

Crops expressing genes from Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt crops) are among the most successful technologies developed for the control of pests but the evolution of resistance to them remains a challenge. Insect resistant cotton and maize expressing the Bt Vip3Aa protein were recently commercialized, though not yet in Australia. We found that, although relatively high, the frequency of alleles for resistance to Vip3Aa in field populations of H. armigera in Australia did not increase over the past four seasons until 2014/15. Three new isofemale lines were determined to be allelic with previously isolated lines, suggesting that they belong to one common gene and this mechanism is relatively frequent. Vip3Aa-resistance does not confer cross-resistance to Cry1Ac or Cry2Ab. Vip3Aa was labeled with (125)I and used to show specific binding to H. armigera brush-border membrane vesicles (BBMV). Binding was of high affinity (Kd = 25 and 19 nM for susceptible and resistant insects, respectively) and the concentration of binding sites was high (Rt = 140 pmol/mg for both). Despite the narrow-spectrum resistance, binding of (125)I-labeled Vip3Aa to BBMV of resistant and susceptible insects was not significantly different. Proteolytic conversion of Vip3Aa protoxin into the activated toxin rendered the same products, though it was significantly slower in resistant insects.

Cry1Ac

Bacillus thuringiensis

10.1038/srep24311

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The life cycle of mtDNA within the female germline of mice.

Bill James Larsson Nils-Göran

10.1371/journal.pgen.1004670.g002

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