According to the opinions expressed in the secondary literature of the past decades, many features of modern Japanese culture that were regarded “traditionally Japanese” have been proven to be “invented traditions” of an era of building a modern nation and national consciousness as part of the process of modernization in the 19th century. Creating a nation state with strong nationalism followed the European developmental pattern, but the basement (i.e. Japanese cultural traditions) on which it was built had been made during the Edo period. One of the aims of this paper is to trace back the sources of this process to the kokugaku 国学 movement of the Edo 江戸 period. The modernist interpretation of ‘the invention of the tradition’ can be misleading, as this process does not mean introducing false or completely unknown motifs; they were never completely invented, but contained some sort of old cultural heritage, forgotten – but once existing – tales and literary forms and language parts. The kokugaku of the Edo period can be seen as a key factor of the later nation building process in the 19th century. Meiji 明治 scholars used kokugaku concepts of Japan to construct a modern type of nationalism that was not simply derived from Western models and was not purely instrumental, but made good use of premodern and culturalist conceptions of community.
P-109 Background: In Hungary, the most important ambient biological air pollutant is ragweed (Ambrosia elatior). The majority of patients with inhalative allergic diseases are sensitized to ragweed. Material and Methods: Ragweed pollution situation is evaluated by using Driving force-Pressure-State-Exposure-Effect-Action model suggested by WHO. Ragweed coveredness is presented by the map of the Plant and Soil Protection Service and on the basis of the analysis of satellite images by the Institute of Geodesy, Cartography and Remote Sensing: The airborne concentration in the years between 2000–2005 is described on the basis of measurements of the Aerobiological Network of the National Public Health Service. Sensitization to ragweed allergens is an indirect cause of allergic rhinitis and asthma. The trends of incidence and prevalence of these diseases are shown by using the reports of the National Institute of Pulmonology. Measures and actions to reduce ragweed pollution are also summarized. Results: Ragweed coveredness of the country decreased from 2004 to 2005. Airborne pollen concentration showed a decreasing tendency during the analysed six years, although the number of days with pollen counts higher than 100 grains/m3 was still very high in 2005 with the exception of town Szolnok (in the Great Lowland), where the daily concentration was less than this value on every day of the season. Daily maximum concentration in 2005 was 549 grain/m3 in Transdanubia, in the town of Szekszard, in contrast to 785 grain/m3 in Veszprem in the northern part of Lake Balaton in the previous year. The total pollen load was the highest in Kecskemet (a town between the rivers Danube and Tisza) in both years, but the change was remarkable: in 2004 – 11084 grain/m3 and in 2005 8956 grain/m3. In the year 2005, due to the eradication campaigns and rainy weather the pollen concentration decreased in most parts of the country with the exception of two towns. The increase of growth of incidence of allergic rhinitis slowed down since 2000. In 2003 and 2004 the incidence did not increase compared to the previous year. The yearly incidence of allergic asthma showed a small variation. Legislative measures, education, plant protection had a beneficial effect on ragweed eradication. Conclusion: The decrease of ragweed pollen load would improve outdoor air quality and reduce the risk of asthmatic attacks in children, meeting the aims of children-environmental health action plan. Acknowledgement: The study was sponsored by the Hungarian Research Development Program, NKFP 1B/022/04 (2004–2006).
To investigate the effect of varying amounts of iodine intake on the prevalence of thyroid dysfunction, autoimmunity and goitre in old age.The first screening study where elderly subjects with varying amounts of iodine supply but from the same geographical and ethnographical region (Carpathian basin) were compared, and all hormone measurements and ultrasonography were performed by the same laboratory or person.Nursing home residents were screened for thyroid disorders from: (A) an iodine-deficient area, Northern Hungary (n = 119; median age 81 years; median iodine excretion (MIE) 0.065 mumol/mmol creatinine (equivalent to 72 micrograms/g creatinine); (B) an area of obligatory iodinated salt prophylaxis since the 1950s, Slovakia (n = 135; median age 81 years, MIE 0.090 mumol/mmol creatinine (equivalent to 100 micrograms/g creatinine)) and (C) an abundant iodine intake area, Eastern Hungary (n = 92; median age 78 years; MIE 0.462 mumol/mmol creatinine (equivalent to 513 micrograms/g creatinine)).TSH, T4, free T4, T3, thyroglobulin (Tg), antibodies to Tg (AbTg) and to thyroid peroxidase (AbTPO), iodine excretion, ultrasonography of the thyroid gland.In regions A, B, and C, the prevalence of unsuspected clinical hypothyroidism was 0.8%, 1.5% and 7.6% (P = 0.006), with all cases except one being antibody positive (Ab+). The occurrence of subclinical hypothyroidism was 4.2% in region A, 10.4% in region B and 23.9% in region C (P < 0.001), but only 3 of 22 cases with subclinical hypothyroidism from region C were Ab+. The overall prevalence of Ab positivity (either antiTg+ or antiTPO+) was similar in the three regions (A, 19.3%; B, 24.4%; C, 22.8%). The occurrence of hyperthyroidism (clinical plus subclinical) was 3.4% in region A, 3.0% in region B and 0% in region C (not significant). The rate of elevated Tg levels was similar in the three regions. The prevalence of goitre was 39.4%, 16.4% and 12.2% (P < 0.001), respectively in regions A, B and C. In euthyroid subjects the mean ultrasonographically determined thyroid volume was 21.9 ml in region A, 13.6 ml in region B and 15.1 ml in region C (ANOVA F = 5.76; P = 0.0038). There was no significant difference in the occurrence of cases with hypoechogenic echotexture of the thyroid gland.The screening for hypothyroidism in nursing home residents living in iodine-rich regions is justified by the high prevalence of unsuspected clinical hypothyroidism. The high prevalence of antibody positivity in old age is independent of the iodine supply, but iodine supply has a determining role in the development of autoimmune hypothyroidism in the aged. Most cases of subclinical hypothyroidism in iodine-rich regions are not of autoimmune origin. In old age, hypoechogenic texture of the thyroid gland is not predictive of thyroid dysfunction.
In this paper, a comparison was made between two types of PV modules widely used in the market: polycrystalline and thin-film (both of them are silicon-based manufacturing) to identify the variables and parameters affecting the efficiency of solar cells. The efficiency of polycrystalline is higher than thin-film, although the open circuit voltage is more affected by solar radiation. The comparison was made in Gödöllő in Hungary, characterized by a moderate climate temperature and humidity on a partly cloudy day to study the effect of clouds and the change in the amount of solar radiation on solar cells. The flexible feature of thin-film cells can be used in many applications, especially those related to covering surfaces, as it is considered thin-layer and does not require an expensive metal structure to install. All these variables were calculated and discussed. The difference between the efficiency of polycrystalline and thin-film modules was a small percentage ranging between (-0.2% to 0.5%). This difference comes from the manufacturing technology method and the manufacturing quality itself.
Ramann-féle barna erdőtalajon 2002-ben beállított szabadföldi kisparcellás kísérletben vizsgáltuk a műtrágyázás és növényvédelmi kezelések kombinációinak hatását őszi búza monokultúrában Keszthelyen, a Pannon Egyetem Georgikon Mezőgazdaságtudományi Kar kísérleti telepén. A kapott eredmények alapján megállapítható, hogy a növényvédelmi kezelések 2006-ban átlagosan 117%-kal, 2007-ben 120%-kal, a műtrágyázás 2006-ban átlagosan 180%-kal, 2007-ben 218%-kal emelte az őszi búza termésszintjét a kontrollhoz képest. A növekvő N adagok jobban növelték a termés mennyiségét, mint a növényvédelmi kezelések. Az egyre növekvő intenzitású növényvédelmi kezelésekkel és N adagokkal egyre kisebb mértékben nőtt az őszi búza szemtermése. Fentieken túl az eredményekkel összefüggésben vizsgáltuk az időszak hőmérsékleti és csapadékviszonyait a mezőgazdasági években.
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