This study addresses industrial wastewater treatment to remove dissolved organic compounds (DOC) using Fenton and coagulation processes, followed by granular activated carbon (GAC), and powdered activated carbon (PAC) as a pretreatment before reverse osmosis (RO). The effects of the hydrophobic / hydrophilic fractions and the molecular weights (MW) of the organics on DOC removal were tested and used to optimize the combination process. The raw wastewater (RWW) had a dominant hydrophobic fraction, as determined by polymeric resins Amberlite XAD-4. High performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC/MS/MS) results showed that MW of organics were 256, 172, 258, 146, 392, 321, 182, 373, 276, 365, 409 and 453 in increasing order of hydrophobicity. GAC had higher adsorption capacity and was more selective for hydrophobic DOC removal than PAC. The removal efficiency of DOC by PAC and GAC was decreased after Fenton treatment, which decreased the hydrophobic fraction. Coagulation with ferric chloride efficiently removed the non-ionic hydrophilic and anionic hydrophilic organics. The coagulant doses selected as a pretreatment before GAC were 2.1 and 15.5 mg Fe(III)/mg DOC. The effluent total organic carbon (TOC) trends were correlated with the hydrophobic and hydrophilic fractions by using a rapid small-scale column test (RSSCT) for GAC breakthrough with a scale down factor of 5. GAC preferentially adsorbed the hydrophobic and the cationic hydrophilic organics. The effluent TOC trend could be divided into four stages: maximum adsorption, hydrophobic stage, exhaustion, and biological. The TOC removal after the exhaustion stage was almost equal to the hydrophilic fraction of TOC. Therefore these results demonstrated that the combination of coagulation and GAC adsorption was a highly efficient process for reducing DOC.
Objective : We assessed the surgical results of percutaneous balloon compression in 50 patients with idiopathic trigeminal neuralgia.Methods : Fifty patients with follow-up period of more than 12 months were retrospectively analyzed.The mean follow-up period was 42 months (range, 12-82).The mean age was 65.8 years (range, 27-83).Seventeen patients (34%) had other previous surgical procedures.The balloon was inflated by injecting radio-contrast media under brief general anesthesia according to Mullan's technique.The mean inflating time was 88 seconds (range, 60-120).The whole procedure took about 20 minutes.Results : We reported excellent and good results in 70% of the cases, poor in 6% as annoying dysesthesia, recurrence in 16%, and 8% failure due to technical deficiencies.Forty-six patients (92%) were initially relieved of their pain.There were permanent motor weakness of the masseter muscle in 4% of patients and transitory diplopia in 8%.Neither anesthesia dolorosa nor keratitis occurred.Almost all patients (92%) were discharged postoperatively within two days. Conclusion :These results indicate that balloon compression would be an effective method with acceptable morbidity, technically, it can be performed rapidly and simply in the treatment of idiopathic trigeminal neuralgia.10.
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Reports of endocrine disrupting compounds (EDCs), pharmaceutically active compounds (PhACs), and personal care products (PCPs) have raised substantial concern in important potable drinking water quality issues. Our study investigates the removal of EDCs, PhACs, and PCPs of 10 compounds having different physico-chemical properties (e.g., molecular weight, and octanol-water partition coefficient (Kow)) by nanofiltration (NF) membranes. The rejection of micropollutants by NF membranes ranged from 93.9% to 99.9% depending on solute characteristics. A batch adsorption experiments indicated that adsorption is an important mechanism for transport/removal of relatively hydrophobic compounds, and is related to the octanol-water partition coefficient values. The transport phenomenon associated with adsorption may also depend on solution water chemistry such as pH and ionic strength influencing the pKa value of compounds. In addition, it was visually seen that the retention was somewhat higher for the larger compounds based on their molecular weight. These results suggest that the NF membrane retains many organic compounds due to both hydrophobic adsorption and size exclusion mechanisms.
The root of Hibiscus syriacus (Malvaceae) has been used for treatment of fungal diseases such as tinea pedis (athlete's foot). In this study, we investigated the antifungal constituent of the root of Hibiscus syriacus Ggoma, which was produced by a mutation breeding using gamma ray irradiation, and compared the antifungal activity of H. syriacus Ggoma and its parent type. According to the results, the methanolic extract of H. syriacus Ggoma exhibited four times higher antifungal activity than its parent type against Trichophyton mentagrophytes. Following purification through various column chromatographies, the antifungal substance was identified as nonanoic acid on the basis of spectroscopic analysis.
Biofilm and granule reactors were employed to remove nitrogen via an anammox reaction applying synthetic nitrogen wastewater, whose concentration was in the range of 20 to 1,400 mg N/L as total nitrogen. A biofilm reactor was packed with non-woven fabric and a granule reactor was filled with anaerobic granular sludge taken from the brewery wastewater treatment plant. Both reactors were seeded with Planctomycetes KSU-1 and operated for 450 days. The biofilm reactor showed high NH4+-N and NO2−-N removal efficiencies of over 88% and 94%, respectively, until total nitrogen concentration was reached at 800 mg N/L. However, the biofilm reactor showed severe inhibition at over 1,000 mg N/L of total nitrogen due to nitrogen overloading. The granule reactor revealed better nitrogen removal performance than the biofilm reactor, showing high NH4+-N and NO2−-N removal efficiencies of over 90%, even at a total nitrogen concentration of 1,400 mg N/L. However, aggregation of anammox bacteria grown in the sludge bed after long-term operation resulted in the deterioration of nitrogen. The removal ratio of NH4+-N and NO2−-N was close to 1:1, suggesting other reactions related to ammonium oxidation could occur simultaneously. Free ammonia inhibition as well as NO2−-N could be significant when high-strength nitrogenous wastewater was applied.
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