Removal Characteristics of Endocrine Disrupting Compounds (EDCs), Pharmaceutically Active Compounds (PhACs) and Personal Care Products(PCPs) by NF Membrane
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Reports of endocrine disrupting compounds (EDCs), pharmaceutically active compounds (PhACs), and personal care products (PCPs) have raised substantial concern in important potable drinking water quality issues. Our study investigates the removal of EDCs, PhACs, and PCPs of 10 compounds having different physico-chemical properties (e.g., molecular weight, and octanol-water partition coefficient (Kow)) by nanofiltration (NF) membranes. The rejection of micropollutants by NF membranes ranged from 93.9% to 99.9% depending on solute characteristics. A batch adsorption experiments indicated that adsorption is an important mechanism for transport/removal of relatively hydrophobic compounds, and is related to the octanol-water partition coefficient values. The transport phenomenon associated with adsorption may also depend on solution water chemistry such as pH and ionic strength influencing the pKa value of compounds. In addition, it was visually seen that the retention was somewhat higher for the larger compounds based on their molecular weight. These results suggest that the NF membrane retains many organic compounds due to both hydrophobic adsorption and size exclusion mechanisms.Keywords:
Nanofiltration
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The behavior of endocrine disrupting chemicals in sewage treatment plant affects their final fate in water environment. We selected six endocrine disrupting chemicals: 4 alkylphenols (4‐tert‐octylphenol, octylphenol, 4‐nonylphenol, bisphenol A) and 2 steroids (17α‐ethinylestradiol and estriol) as targets, their removal and transformation in wastewater treatment plant were studied. Five mixed liquors were sampled respectively from different stages of Minhang wastewater treatment plant in Shanghai. EDCs concentration were analyzed with GC‐MS. The main removal pathways of EDCs include initial adsorption by suspended solids and following biodegradation in biological sludge. The removal efficiency of six targets was more than 86%. The concentration of OP and 4‐n‐NP in water significantly increased in anoxic stage, the reason may be the releases of EDCs from sludge to water on the condition of low DO. And it was also found that the EDCs could be released to water phase in the secondary clarifier, which may cause potential risk of EDCs entering the environment with discharge.
Nonylphenol
Clarifier
Alkylphenol
Estriol
Endocrine disruptor
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The target of this study is the removal of Di butyl phthalate, Bisphenol -A and Paracetamol as endocrine disrupting chemicals from aqueous solution using NF99 as a commercial nanofiltration membrane at different operating parameters of pressures (10, 20 and 30 bar), pH (3-11) and different EDCs concentrations using % TOC removal as indicator for the efficiency of the understudied membrane.It was found that the % TOC rejection of Paracetamol was the highest (86 %) at pH 10.The endocrine disrupting chemicals rejection was detected to be increased with the increase of operating pressure till 20 bar.The impact of pH on %TOC removal of EDCs was altered depending on the pka of each compound.Moreover, the antifouling property of NF 99 membrane has been investigated by evaluating the membrane rejection and flux using humic acid as a common natural organic matter.The experimental design was estimated by MINITAB software and the results was analyzed by the factorial analysis which suggest that the pH is the most significant factor affecting the removal process.
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Nanofiltration
Ultrafiltration (renal)
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Oxidizing agent
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Chlorate
Bromate
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In the past few years, the fate and transportation of pharmaceutically active compounds (PhACs) in aqueous environments have raised significant concerns among the public, scientists and regulatory groups. Photodegradation is an important removal process in surface waters. This review summarizes the last 10 years (2003-2013) of studies on the solar or solar-simulated photodegradation of PhACs in aqueous environments. The PhACs covered include: beta-blockers, antibiotics, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), histamine H₂-receptor antagonists, lipid regulators, carbamazepine, steroid hormones, and X-ray contrast media compounds. Kinetic studies, degradation mechanisms and toxicity removal are the three major topics involved in this review. The quantum yield for the direct photolysis of PhACs and the bimolecular reaction rate constants of PhACs with reactive oxygen species (ROS), such as the ˙OH radical and singlet oxygen, are also summarized. This information is not only important to predict the PhAC photodegradation fate, but also is very useful for advanced treatment technologies, such as ozone or advanced oxidation processes.
Photodegradation
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The widespread occurrence of dissolved endocrine disrupting compounds(EDCs) and pharmaceutical active compounds(PhACs) in water sources is of concern due to their adverse effects. To remove these chemicals, adsorption of EDCs/PhACs on granular activated carbon(GAC) was investigated, and bisphenol A, carbamazepine, diclofenac, ibuprofen, and sulfamethoxazole were selected as commonly occurring EDCs/PhACs in the aquatic environment. Various adsorption isotherms were applied to evaluate compatability with each adsorption in the condition of single-solute. Removal difference between individual and competitive adsorption were investigated from the physicochemical properties of each adsorbate. Hydrophobicity interaction was the main adsorption mechanism in the single-solute adsorption with order of maximum adsorption capacity as bisphenol A > carbamazepine > sulfamethoxazole > diclofenac > ibuprofen, while both hydrophobicity and molecular size play significant roles in competitive adsorption. Adsorption kinetic was also controled by hydrophobicity of each adsorbate resulting in higher hydrophobicity allowed faster adsorption on available adsorption site on GAC. EDCs/PhACs adsorption on GAC was determined as an endothermic reaction resulting in better adsorption at higher temperature ($40^{\circ}C$ ) than lower temperature ($10^{\circ}C$ ).
Endothermic process
Ibuprofen
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Understanding the behavior of estrogenic endocrine disrupting compounds (EEDCs) during biological wastewater treatment is a critical aspect of protecting aquatic ecosystems and drinking water supplies. Binding coefficients (Kcoc) of 17β-estradiol (E2), and 17α-ethinylestradiol (EE2) to colloidal organic carbon (COC) derived from several biological wastewater unit processes was quantified by fluorescence quenching. The magnitude of Kcoc for E2 and EE2 was independent of the sorbate's hydrophobicity (Kow), but was strongly correlated to the molar extinction coefficient at 280 nm (e280). This suggests that the interactions between the π-electrons of E2 and EE2 and the COC are important in determining binding behavior. The e280 coefficients are related to the aerobic sludge age and colloid capture efficiency of the wastewater treatment process. Treatment processes that utilize a physical barrier for liquid-solid separation, such as membrane bioreactors, appear to offer some important advantages in reducing effluent E2 and EE2 concentrations. These results indicate that the colloid phase plays an important role in E2 and EE2 behavior during biological wastewater treatment and colloid transport of these, and possibly other estrogenic compounds, should be considered in any water reuse scenario or environmental modeling application.
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Filtration (mathematics)
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Pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs) have been widely detected in aquatic environment in recent years; as emerging micro-pollutants, their influence on human health and ecological environment safety are of increasing concern. Membrane filtration is considered as the suitable separation method for PPCPs removal due to different removal mechanisms. This paper reviews the removal efficiency and removal mechanisms for PPCPs by NF/RO membranes.
Filtration (mathematics)
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