Department of Psychiatry, Kangbuk Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, KoreaObjectivesZZThe aim of this study was to evaluate the therapeutic effect of Korean-type cogni-tive behavioral group therapy (CBGT) in the treatment of social anxiety disorder (SAD).MethodsZZTwenty-nine patients with SAD completed the Korean-type CBGT for SAD. The Korean-type CBGT for SAD is characterized by Korean-culture specific methods such as paradoxical inten-tion, video feedback, and Korean cultural receptivity process on the classical CBGT course. The main outcome measure was a self-report version of the Liebowitz Social Anxiety Scale (LSAS-SR).ResultsZZAfter the treatment, the total score on the LSAS-SR had significantly improved (15.80± 29.14, p=0.006, cohen’s d=0.69), with both fear and avoidance subscales decreased (7.60± 13.94, p=0.006 vs. 8.30±16.31, p=0.009, respectively). We also found significant correlation be-tween the effect of the Korean-type CBGT (r=0.414, p=0.026) and the educational level of subjects. Accompanying pharmacotherapy for SAD did not elicit any differences in the treatment response.ConclusionZZOur study showed that the Korean-type CBGT was effective in the treatment of SAD patients in reducing both fear and avoidance symptoms. J Korean Neuropsychiatr Assoc 2010;49:401-408KEY WORDSZZSocial anxiety disorder · Cognitive-behavioral group therapy · Culture.
Abstract Aims To evaluate the bidirectional relationship between blood pressure (BP) and depressive symptoms using a large prospective cohort study. Methods Prospective cohort study was performed in 276 244 adults who participated in a regular health check-up and were followed annually or biennially for up to 5.9 years. BP levels were categorised according to the 2017 American College of Cardiology and American Heart Association hypertension guidelines. Depressive symptoms were assessed using Centre for Epidemiologic Studies-Depression (CESD) questionnaire and a cut-off score of ≥25 was regarded as case-level depressive symptoms. Results During 672 603.3 person-years of follow-up, 5222 participants developed case-level depressive symptoms. The multivariable-adjusted hazard ratios (HRs) [95% confidence interval (CI)] for incident case-level depressive symptoms comparing hypotension, elevated BP, hypertension stage 1 and hypertension stage 2 to normal BP were 1.07 (0.99–1.16), 0.93 (0.82–1.05), 0.89 (0.81–0.97) and 0.81 (0.62–1.06), respectively ( p for trend <0.001). During 583 615.3 person-years of follow-up, 27 787 participants developed hypertension. The multivariable-adjusted HRs (95% CI) for incident hypertension comparing CESD 16–24 and ⩾25 to CESD < 16 were 1.05 (1.01–1.11) and 1.12 (1.03–1.20), respectively ( p for trend <0.001) and in the time-dependent models, corresponding HRs (95% CI) were 1.12 (1.02–1.24) and 1.29 (1.10–1.50), respectively ( p for trend <0.001). Conclusions In this large cohort study of young and middle-aged individuals, higher BP levels were independently associated with a decreased risk for developing case-level depressive symptoms and depressive symptoms were also associated with incident hypertension. Further studies are required to elucidate the mechanisms underlying the bidirectional association between BP levels and incident depression.
Objective To determine if the maintenance effectiveness and tolerability of aripiprazole demonstrated in a 12-week study were maintained in an extension phase (up to 26 weeks). Methods This study was the extension of our switching study from other antipsychotics to aripiprazole in symptomatically stable patients with schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder. All the patients were randomly assigned to the aripiprazole group or the non-aripiprazole group. The effectiveness analysis consisted of the comparison of the upper bound of the 95% confidence interval (CI) of the mean Clinical Global Impression-Improvement (CGI-I) score to 4 (no change) at the end of the study. Results At the baseline, the aripiprazole group (n=135) and the non-aripiprazole group (n=31) were comparable with respect to their mean ages, gender distribution, baseline Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale scores, and Clinical Global Impression-Severity (CGI-S) scores. The study showed that the mean CGI-I score was 2.92 (95% CI: 2.72-3.12) in the aripiprazole group and 2.81 (95% CI: 2.35-3.26) in the non-aripiprazole group at 26 weeks. In the aripiprazole group, the remission rates at 12 and 26 weeks were 74.8% and 72.6%, respectively, and 80.2% of the patients with remission at 12 weeks maintained their remission state until the end of the study. About one-fourth of the patients in the aripiprazole group reported one or more spontaneous treatment-emergent adverse events, such as insomnia, headache, and nausea. Conclusion This study suggested that most clinically stable outpatients with schizophrenia maintain their remission states after being switched to aripiprazole, without serious symptom aggravation and adverse events over a course of 26 weeks. Keywords: Aripiprazole, Maintenance, Switch, Schizophrenia, Schizoaffective disorder
Objective : We have explored the relationship between suicidal ideation and some very specific characteristics of the symptoms of depression and anxiety in Korean employees. Methods : During the period 2013 through 2014, 100,793 employees who visited the Health Screening Center were asked to complet...
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