Purpose: To evaluate the factors affecting treatment outcome of children with anisometropic amblyopia. Methods: We retrospectively investigated the treatment outcome of 57 children who were diagnosed as anisometropic amblyopia. The age at initial treatment, initial best corrected visual acuity of the amblyopic eye, amount and type of anisometropia, strabismus and compliance of treatment were investigated. Results: The mean age and standard deviation at initial treatment was 5.3±1.8(3-9) years. The absolute average values of spherical and cylindrical anisometropia were 2.87±1.99D and 1.87±2.24D respectively. While compliance was significantly related to treatment outcome, the age at initial treatment, visual acuity on amblyopic eye, amount and type of anisometropia, and strabismus had no significant influence on treatment outcome. Conclusions: Treatment compliance was the most significant factor in the treatment of anisometropic amblyopia.
We introduce a new method of scleral fixation using a hydrophobic foldable intraocular lens (IOL) with ring-shaped connecting bridges. A double-armed 10-0 polypropylene suturing needle is inserted using the routine ab externo technique. The midportion of the thread is pulled out through a main wound and cut. Using another 10-0 polypropylene needle, the IOL is sutured at both inner ring-shaped connecting bridges (inner shorter rim). The ring-shaped connecting-bridges IOL was carefully injected using the IOL cartridge with gentle pulling out of the thread. The externalized sutures were tied at the corresponding sites. All ties between 2 cut threads were performed using a European death knot. A scleral fixation outcome with the ring-shaped connecting-bridges IOL was similar to a poly(methyl methacrylate) IOL outcome; however, the surgeon should consider the possibility of a postoperative myopic shift. Financial Disclosure No author has a financial or proprietary interest in any material or method mentioned.
Early detection of glaucoma is essential for maintaining the quality of life by preserving the patient's visual func-tion as long as possible [1,2].To detect glaucoma earlier, optical coherence tomography (OCT) is widely used by many clinicians, as OCT is thought to be very efficient in detecting retinal nerve fiber layer defects.Clinicians currently depend upon summary metrics.While numerous studies have documented that the metrics show reasonably good sensitivity [3], summary metrics can also miss eyes with clear damage as seen on probability maps [4].The OCT manufacturers utilize unique software algorithms for
The use of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) in cell therapy in regenerative medicine has great potential, particularly in the treatment of nerve injury. Umbilical cord blood (UCB) reportedly contains stem cells, which have been widely used as a hematopoietic source and may have therapeutic potential for neurological impairment. Although ongoing research is dedicated to the management of traumatic optic nerve injury using various measures, novel therapeutic strategies based on the complex underlying mechanisms responsible for optic nerve injury, such as inflammation and/or ischemia, are required. In the present study, a rat model of optic nerve crush (ONC) injury was established in order to examine the effects of transplanting human chorionic plate-derived MSCs (CP‑MSCs) isolated from the placenta, as well as human UCB mononuclear cells (CB-MNCs) on compressed rat optic nerves. Expression markers for inflammation, apoptosis, and optic nerve regeneration were analyzed, as well as the axon survival rate by direct counting. Increased axon survival rates were observed following the injection of CB‑MNCs at at 1 week post-transplantation compared with the controls. The levels of growth-associated protein-43 (GAP‑43) were increased after the injection of CB‑MNCs or CP‑MSCs compared with the controls, and the expression levels of hypoxia-inducible factor-1α (HIF-1α) were also significantly increased following the injection of CB-MNCs or CP-MSCs. ERM-like protein (ERMN) and SLIT-ROBO Rho GTPase activating protein 2 (SRGAP2) were found to be expressed in the optic nerves of the CP‑MSC-injected rats with ONC injury. The findings of our study suggest that the administration of CB‑MNCs or CP‑MSCs may promote axon survival through systemic concomitant mechanisms involving GAP‑43 and HIF‑1α. Taken together, these findings provide further understanding of the mechanisms repsonsible for optic nerve injury and may aid in the development of novel cell-based therapeutic strategies with future applications in regenerative medicine, particularly in the management of optic nerve disorders.
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) possess the characteristics of their parent cells, based on which various studies have actively investigated treatments for diseases using mesenchymal stem cell-derived EVs due to their regenerative activity. Furthermore, in recent years, there have been significant efforts to engineer EVs to improve their native activities and integrate additional functions. Although both endogenous and exogenous methods are used for engineering EVs, endogenous methods may pose the problem of administering substances to cells undergoing metabolic changes, which can cause potential side effects. In addition, exogenous methods may have the limitation of losing beneficial factors inside EVs due to membrane disruption during engineering processes. Surface modification of EVs may also impair efficiency due to the presence of proteins on the EV surface. Therefore, in this study, a stable and efficient engineering method was achieved through the ethanol-mediated hybridization of EVs and functionalized lipid nanoparticles (LNPs) with a fusogenic lipid component. During hybridization, the internal bioactive factors and targeting moiety were maintained to possess the characteristics of both LNPs and EVs. The Ab-Hybrid, which was successfully synthesized through hybridization with nicotinamide-encapsulated and Col2A1 antibody-modified liposome and Transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1)-overexpressed EVs, was administered to osteoarthritis (OA)-induced rats undergoing the destabilization of the medial meniscus surgery. Ultimately, the Ab-Hybrid demonstrated excellent chondroprotective and anti-inflammatory effects with targeting and long-lasting properties in OA lesions. We anticipate that this approach for manufacturing hybrid particles will serve as a valuable EV engineering method and a versatile platform technology applicable to various diseases.
Nebulizer is designed to atomize medicinal fluid for patient with small particles(0.5-) and also able to deliver particles from devices to the lungs when patient inhales air. Several particle size measurements are currently used to size aerosol particles. The most commonly used test is the cascade impactor method in as a standard. But, other methods for comparative particle size distribution data such as the particle size range and reproducibility are acceptable. Therefore, in this study a new test methode is suggested for nonventilatory nebulizer evaluation equipment.
Abstract Purpose: To assess surgical safety and expert usability of a novel glaucoma drainage implant with a smaller lumen compared to conventional silicone tubes. Methods: The newly constructed devices have been implanted via a specially designed injector system in 4 eyes of 4 New Zealand White rabbits, and their intraocular pressure was measured on days 7, 14, 21, and 28 postoperatively. The histopathologic evaluation was done after the 1 month‐follow up period using H&E staining and Masson‐trichrome staining. For the implantation, a limbal incision without mitomycin‐C (MMC) was performed in one eye, and a fornix incision with MMC was performed in three eyes. Results: The histologic sections showed well‐tolerated tissue response in all 4 eyes. All eyes showed filtering blebs on day 28 except one eye that had a buttonhole during the implantation. IOPs were better controlled in the 2 eyes done fornix incision with MMC plus without the buttonhole than other 2 eyes (6 mmHg vs 12.5 mmHg at day 28). The device was highly visible during the procedure of operation and had the flexibility to fit the surgeon's various procedures. Conclusions: The novel glaucoma drainage implant was effective and flexible to fulfil the surgeon's need in a pilot study with rabbits.
To evaluate the intraocular pressure (IOP)-lowering effect of second-generation trabecular microbypass stents (iStent® inject) with cataract extraction (combination group) and compare refractive changes in the combination group and the control (phacoemulsification only) group.This retrospective case-control study included 36 eyes with cataract and medically controlled open-angle glaucoma with IOP < 21 mmHg and 100 nonglaucomatous eyes with cataract. Data were collected preoperatively and for 6 months postoperatively. Data included IOP, number of glaucoma medications, corrected distance visual acuity, and mean absolute error (MAE) from target refraction, and astigmatic vector analysis. Surgical success for the combination group was defined according to three criteria: (A) IOP < 15 mmHg without medication, (B) IOP < 18 mmHg without medication, and (C) IOP < 18 mmHg with or without medication.In the combination group, mean IOP was reduced from 15.1 ± 2.9 mmHg to 12.5 ± 2.0 mmHg, and the mean number of medications decreased from 1.9 ± 1.0 to 0.4 ± 0.8 at postoperative 6 months (both P < 0.001). Surgical success rates were 77.8%, 83.3%, and 97.2% at 6 months by criteria A, B, and C, respectively. Mean IOP was reduced from 14.3 ± 2.7 mmHg to 13.1 ± 2.1 mmHg at 1 month in the control group (P < 0.001). The MAE was 0.33 ± 0.26 D, and 83.3% of eyes had spherical equivalent difference within 0.50 D in the combination group (0.38 ± 0.33 D and 76.0% in the control group; P = 0.309 and P = 0.363, respectively). Preoperative and postoperative centroid values were 0.51 D @ 1° and 0.66 D @ 178°, respectively (0.23 D @ 176° and 0.66 D @ 1° in the control group). There were no statistical differences between the two groups with respect to preoperative and postoperative mean absolute values (P = 0.154 and P = 0.322, respectively).On the basis of our results using Korean real-world interim experience, iStent® inject with cataract extraction has favorable IOP-lowering effects and minimally impacts refractive outcomes.
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