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Many poor communities have turned to tourism as a means of diversifying and strengthening their development. This chapter documents initiatives, such as community capacity building, community-based impact controls, and pro-community tourism production, taken in Dabang, a Tsou indigenous community in Taiwan, to extract lessons that underpin successful community-based ecotourism development, success being indicated by the ongoing interest and involvement of local people and the establishment and survival of tourism business. This correlates to the reorganization and early exploitation stages of the resilience adaptive cycle, as well as the tourism area life cycle. Key factors in achieving success include trust, partnership and collaboration, a long-term commitment, empowerment through capacity building and "learning by doing," and the adoption of a multi-pronged development strategy. From a resilience perspective, these elements primarily relate to the principles of maintaining connectivity and maintaining diversity and redundancy, demonstrating the overarching importance of these two elements in a rural community development context.
Involving a variety of stakeholders, heritage tourism management requires a collaborative multi-actor approach. Due to the current grid management system, shared management among multiple agencies is not rare in heritage sites in China; however limited research has addressed this situation. A multi-agency management model is thus proposed to highlight the roles of a coordination agency and a collaboration mechanism. Taking Wulingyuan Scenic and Historic Interest Area as an example, this paper compares the management status and assesses management collaboration between its two main management bodies. Semi-structured interviews with management staff are used as the primary research method. It is revealed that shared management has resulted in the inefficient use of human and financial resources, and inconsistency in the application of management measures and standards due to the lack of an efficient coordination agency and collaboration mechanism. Suggestions are made to facilitate collaboration and enhance management efficiency in this multi-agency management context.
Abstract A new special space is being constructed from information and user flows based on tourism websites and the links among them. While greater attention has been paid to the economic, technological and user behaviour aspects, tourism websites also deserve to be studied from the perspective of space using geographical methods. This paper is a cybergeographical study of tourism websites. Based upon related studies and theories of cyberspace, the new topic 'tourism cyberspace' is introduced. Then, using spatial network analysis methods, the complicated cyberspace of Chinese tourism websites (CTW) is represented through the construction of a network model based upon data collected from the CTW of 31 regions of China. The model is a simplified network displayed as a 31 × 31 matrix. In this network, 'nodes', 'accessibilities' and 'strengths' are calculated and estimated, and the results show significant regional differentiation. Furthermore, positive relationships are indicated between the level of the regional economic, tourism and technological development and the accessibility of the region's nodes. This suggests that there is a strong relationship between tourism cyberspace and traditional geographical space. Key Words: InternetcyberspaceChinese tourism websitesspatial analysis Acknowledgement The authors thank the graduate students of Professor Jie Zhang's group, Zehua Liu, Ying Yu, Tai Huang and Zhu Xie in particular, for their assistance with collecting the related data and conducting surveys. The whole project (Case Study on Empirical Models and Spatial Pattern of Tourist/Recreation Flows of China) was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation, China (project code: 40371030).
Many recent studies document that, although frequent flyer programmes (FFPs) appear to be an excellent example of relationship marketing designed to build customer loyalty, frequent flyer miles rarely act as a primary reason for choosing one carrier over another. A case study of China Airlines (CAL) was undertaken to understand how FFPs have become an integral part of airline marketing and to examine the reasons why airlines have been using FFPs despite research results that indicate their ineffectiveness. The findings of this study indicate that FFPs are shown to be a significant and effective marketing technique in the airline industry with positive implications for the financial performance of both the carriers involved and their partners. The study also reveals the different dimensions and the complex nature of FFPs, including issues related to market mix, market share and regulations.
This paper reviews the development policies of traditional cultural accommodations as community development from the perspective of creative tourism. The Hanokstay program in South Korea is chosen to examine the challenges and opportunities posed by the process of developing and promoting the place-based cultural accommodation sector. The selected case sites are reviewed through the related themes of ‘service and product’; ‘sales and marketing’; ‘planning and development’; and ‘policy’. The result of the review illustrates the evolution of the traditional cultural accommodation sector in the context of creative tourism and highlights the tension that exists between the provision of traditional experiences through the use of modern technologies.
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Resume
Cet article etudie les politiques de developpement des constructions traditionnelles et culturelles dans le cadre de developpement communautaire a partir d'une perspective de tourisme creatif. Le programme Hanokstay (sejour dans une maison traditionnelle Hanok) en Coree du Sud est choisi pour examiner les defis et opportunites souleves par le processus de developpement et la promotion du secteur de l'hebergement culturel en milieu local. Les sites selectionnes sont examines en fonction des themes de 'service et produit'; 'ventes et marketing'; 'planification et developpement'; 'regulations'. Le resultat de l'evaluation montre l'evolution du secteur de l'hebergement traditionnel culturel dans le secteur du tourisme creatif et met en valeur la tension qui existe entre la mise a disposition des experiences traditionnelles et l'usage des technologies modernes.
This special issue focus on the trends, problems, solutions and experiences relating to development, marketing and sustainability in small cities. By comparison with large cities, small cities and towns have smaller populations supported by less extensive infrastructure. Nevertheless, they serve as administrative, commercial, religious, and cultural centers for their surrounding areas. Because of their smaller physical and population scales, and more limited social and environmental carrying capacities, it is important to identify how these destinations engage in tourism development activities and how the public sector and consumers determine their sustainability. In particular, this research note focuses on the development of small cities in the social media era. Examination of social media dissemination mechanisms contributes to the understanding of changes in the behavior patterns and the planning of real spaces in mid-sized urban destinations.
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