In this second part, we analyse from new radiocarbon (14C) dating of landforms, palaeo-environmental analyses of sediment stratigraphies and documentary evidence for land use, the ‘high road’ to Stirling, across high ground west of the coastal plain, in the early 14th century. We identify a number of significant mis-perceptions of the landscape in the literature, and again stress the need for linked multi-proxy data sources. We re-think the obstacles imagined by some workers to have faced the advancing English to Stirling and show that few were obstacles, particularly in comparison to a path across the coastal plain. We show that the distribution of peat in basins and deep river valleys will have presented problems, however, and this may have been influential.
This paper offers a typology of hillfort gate-mechanisms, and a developed understanding of temporal depth in hillfort architecture – via applied contextual analysis. Rediscovery of the Eddisbury hillfort archive revealed three iron gate-mechanisms. To situate these rare objects, detailed analyses of entrance architecture and stratigraphy was conducted – for Eddisbury and parallels (Hembury, South Cadbury) – enabling new sequences, resolution of the Mid-Late Cadbury sequence, and reconstruction of the Cadbury gate-fittings. Crucially, Bayesian analysis of C-14 dates from Eddisbury confirm a 400 BC date for developed hillforts. Eddisbury's gate-mechanisms are revealed as the earliest in Europe, with Roman adoption of Iron Age technology.
ABSTRACT The hunter‐gatherers that entered the British peninsula after ice‐retreat were exploiting a dynamic, rapidly changing environment. Records of vegetation change and human occupation during the Lateglacial to Early Holocene in northern Britain are more commonly found at upland and cave sites. However, recent research highlights many areas of the Swale–Ure Washlands that preserve extensive environmental sequences in low‐lying ice‐wastage basins, channels and depressions. The Lateglacial–Early Holocene environment of Killerby Quarry, North Yorkshire, is investigated here using a multi‐proxy approach of sedimentary ancient DNA ( seda DNA), pollen, sedimentological (geochemistry and portable optically stimulated luminescence), and rare and well‐preserved archaeology (Lavvu structures and lithics). Results show that the wetland basins and kettleholes were small lakes or ponds in the Lateglacial surrounded by sedge‐fen and birch woodland. A gradual (centennial scale) succession to reed‐swamp and then marsh is seen by the Early Holocene. This environment formed the resource‐scape for hunter‐gatherer transitory settlement in both the Lateglacial (Late Upper Palaeolithic) and Holocene (Early Mesolithic), attracted by the rich communities of pond‐related flora and fauna as well as easy strategic landscape access by way of the River Swale, an arterial route through the landscape connecting the North Sea Basin with the Pennine uplands via the palaeolakes around Killerby.
Abstract Electroencephalographic (EEG) frontal alpha asymmetry (FAA) has been associated with differences in the experience and expression of emotion, motivation and anger in normal and clinical populations. The current study is the first to investigate FAA in alcohol-related intimate partner violence. EEG was recorded from 23 distressed violent (DV) and 15 distressed nonviolent (DNV) partners during a placebo-controlled alcohol administration and emotion-regulation study. The State-Trait Anger Expression Inventory 2 was used to evaluate anger experiences and was collected from both participants and their partners. During baseline, acute alcohol intoxication DV partners had significantly greater right FAA, whereas DNV partners showed greater left FAA. Both partner types demonstrated significantly greater right FAA during the placebo beverage condition of the emotion-regulation task when viewing evocative partner displays of contempt, belligerence, criticism, defensiveness and stonewalling, but greater left FAA during acute alcohol intoxication. Although no group differences were found in the emotion-regulation task, partner self-reported anger experiences accounted for 67% of the variance in the FAA of DV participants when intoxicated and viewing evocative stimuli, suggesting dyadic processes are important in understanding alcohol-related IPV. These findings suggest that FAA could index the affective and motivational determinants through which alcohol is related to IPV.
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