The EV (electric vehicle) market in India is at a nascent but promising stage .India’s technology for electric vehicle is different from that of the West due to the unique environmental condition and driving pattern .Hence, investment to make electric vehicle technology affordable is immense. Realization require a consistent Government policy. Considering the Government’s proactiveness lately, we see electric vehicle evolving starting with three wheelers and two wheelers, followed by the city bus and passenger car – starting with fleets. ‘MY smart integrated self charging system in electric vehicle’ is beneficial for environment condition and work on green and no polluted transportation. Paper is written on after seeing present fossil fuel source in the world. Very easy and usable technique is used in my system which is expressed by review paper.
The cascaded H-bridge (CHB) converter is turning into a brilliant possibility for use in enormous Solar photovoltaic (PV) control plants. In any case, sun-oriented power age in the three converter stage legs can be altogether unbalanced, especially in a large geographically-dispersed plant. The report aims at balancing the power in the three converter phase legs in a photovoltaic power plant. The power imbalance between the three stages characterizes a limit for the infusion of adjusted three-stage flows to the matrix. This undertaking estimates the presentation and affirms the as of late proposed delta-associated CHB converter for PV applications as an elective setup for enormous scale PV control plants. The necessary voltage and current misrepresenting for the converter is logically created and looked at against the star-associated partner The analysis of star and delta connected cascaded h-bridge multilevel converter was done using MATLAB simulation. The simulated output of delta connected cascaded H-bridge multilevel converter has more dependable performance with lower harmonics as compared with star connected cascaded H-bridge multilevel converter. It is indicated that the delta-associated CHB converter expands the adjusting capacities of the star-associated CHB and can suit most irregularity cases with moderately little misrepresenting. Observational outcomes from a lab model are given to approve the activity of the delta associated CHB converter under different power irregularity cases.
We have investigated swift heavy ion-induced mixing in Ni/Teflon and Au/Teflon systems using 120 MeV Au ions. Our earlier studies showed that the Ni/Teflon system exhibits strong interface mixing, as determined by Rutherford backscattering spectrometry (RBS). In the present work, the Ni/Teflon system is further studied by scanning electron microscopy and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. Moreover, RBS studies are extended to demonstrate interface mixing in the Au/Teflon system. The observed mixing is explained on the basis of the chemical activeness (or reactivity) of the metal/polymer systems leading to a chemical reaction. The chemical reaction occurs in the hot zone around the ion path between the Ni and reactive polymer species. Thermodynamic property bond dissociation energy has been taken into account for the reactivity of the systems.
Spray pyrolyzed ZnO films prepared using solution containing ethanol and water (volume ratio 1:1), exhibited optical transmission of 85% in the visible range and electrical resistivity of 78Ωcm. These samples were irradiated using 120MeV Au ion beam and then characterized using optical absorption and transmission, x-ray diffraction (XRD), electrical resistivity measurements, x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and photoluminescence studies. It appears that irradiation does not affect absorption edge while optical transmittance was slightly reduced. But intensities of peaks of XRD and photoluminescence were found to decrease continuously with increasing ion fluence. Electrical resistivity of the films decreased considerably (from 78to0.71Ωcm) with increase in ion fluence. Atomic concentration from XPS analysis showed that Zn∕O ratio is getting increased due to ion beam irradiation. Variations in carrier concentration were also measured using Hall measurements.
Abstract This study has explored a new plant source, Bael tree leaves, as an efficient dye extraction towards green energy harvesting through dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs). The photosensitizers, photo-absorption, bandgap, and ionic conductivity characteristics of the extracted dye were determined using thin-layer chromatography (TLC), ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy, Tauc plot, and conductivity meter, respectively. Chlorophyll is the main constituent in the extracted dye confirmed by TLC analysis. An optimum concentration (0.2 g ml −1 ) with ionic conductivity of 455 μ S cm −1 of the dye was used as a photoactive layer in DSSC, demonstrating power densities of 1.345 μ W m −2 and 8.078 μ W m −2 under the illumination of the LED lamp (1555 lx) and tungsten bulb (1926 lx), respectively. Additional parameters, including fill factor (0.26), ideality factor (1.25), characteristic resistance (309 Ω), series resistance (313 Ω), and shunt resistance (662 Ω) of the fabricated DSSC under tungsten illumination reveal that the novel Bael tree leaves-based dye can harvest green energy efficiently through DSSCs.
In this work, swift heavy ion (SHI) induced surface smoothing, roughening and sputtering of thermally immiscible Fe/Bi bilayer system has been investigated. The pristine and irradiated samples were analysed by Rutherford backscattering spectrometry (RBS), grazing angle x-ray diffraction (XRD), atomic force microscopy and scanning electron microscopy including x-ray dispersive energy analyzer. RBS analysis revealed that steepness of the low energy edge of the Bi signal increases at a fluence of 3 ? 1013?ions?cm?2, beyond which the slope of the rear edge decreases. The increased steepness is due to smoothing induced at initial fluence; however, the decrease in the slope of rear edge beyond 3 ? 1013?ions?cm?2 fluence is a result of surface roughening. XRD reveals the increase in the crystalline nature of Bi after irradiation at 3 ? 1013?ions?cm?2. Irradiation at higher fluences from 6 ? 1013 to 1 ? 1014?ions?cm?2 leads to a decrease in the crystalline nature of Bi. Surface roughness of pristine and irradiated samples from AFM analysis revealed that initially roughness decreases with a fluence of 3 ? 1013?ions?cm?2. However, at higher fluences, beyond 3 ? 1013?ions?cm?2, the agglomeration of smaller grains has been observed due to the shear flow mechanism, which results in surface roughening. The observed behaviour of surface smoothing and roughening under SHI irradiation may be explained on the basis of the thermal spike model.
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