When it comes to food and fiber production, flaxseed (Linum usitatissimum) has been around the longest. Oil makes up over 41% of a flaxseed's total weight; of that, more than 70% is polyunsaturated. Protein, dietary fiber, α-linolenic acid (ALA), flaxseed gum, and many other beneficial compounds are abundant in flaxseed meal (FSM). There is as much as 30% crude protein in FSM. Therefore, FSM can serve as a source of excellent protein for livestock. FSM increases the efficiency and effectiveness of livestock and poultry farming. FSM can be used as an essential protein feed component in cattle and poultry farming, boosting production and profitability. Because it contains anti-nutritional ingredients such as cyanogenic glycosides, tannins, phytic acid, oxalic acid and an anti-vitamin B6 factor, the use of FSM in livestock and poultry diets is restricted. Animal nutritionists have recently shown a growing interest in reducing anti-nutritional elements and boosting FSM's nutritional value. Recently, fermented FSM has been used to feed cattle and poultry; hence its dietary benefits have not yet been fully assessed. The present article, therefore, addresses the chemical make-up, bioactive components, anti-nutritional aspects, and positive impacts of FSM in livestock and poultry production.
Infected individuals with leprosy have bacteria in their bodies called Mycobacterium leprae, which spreads at a sluggish rate and is responsible for the disease. This condition can cause problems with the nervous system, skin, eyes, and even the nasal lining (nasal mucosa). The condition is curable if caught and treated early on. Leprosy's patients are able to work and participate fully in society while receiving therapy. It was originally thought that leprosy was easily disseminated and deadly, but today it is curable. But if the nerve damage is not fixed, it can cause permanent problems like paralysis, blindness, and trouble moving the hands and feet1. It is likely that armadillos in the south of the United States are naturally infected with the bacteria that cause leprosy in humans2. Though there is a little chance of contracting leprosy through interacting with armadillos, the likelihood of doing so is extremely low. In a recent study, published in Cell Reports Medicine on November 15, 2022, researchers found that the bacteria that cause leprosy may reprogram cells in an adult animal to grow the size of the liver without producing any harm, scarring, or tumors3. Insights into the study's underlying mechanisms may 1 day be used to regenerate damaged livers or rejuvenate aging livers, eliminating the need for liver transplantation. The scarring and malignancies that ensued from earlier attempts to rebuild livers in mice using stem cells or progenitor cells were a major reason for their failure. Anura Rambukkana, a professor of regenerative medicine at the University of Edinburgh in the UK, and his colleagues found that M. leprae could change cells in some ways. They used this information to stop these bad things from happening. Rambukkana and his colleagues infected nine-banded armadillos in Baton Rouge, Louisiana, in collaboration with the United States Department of Health and Human Services, and compared the livers of infected, uninfected, and resistant armadillos. The liver size of armadillos infected with M. leprae was found to be significantly higher compared to uninfected armadillos3. It is important to note that the livers of infected armadillos grew in size but otherwise seemed normal in terms of tissue architecture. The study showed that infected adult liver cells undergo partial reprogramming in vivo, returning to an immature condition that allows them to proliferate and regenerate. The liver grows properly as a result of the bacteria-induced regeneration, without the development of fibrotic scar tissue from repeated injury and repair or malignant cells. Scientists think that the parasite increases the number of cells inside which it can grow and replicate by reprogramming adult liver cells into a regenerative state. Similarities were discovered when the gene expression profiles of M. leprae-infected liver cells were compared to those of young animals and human fetal livers. This provided further evidence that M. leprae-infected liver cells had really achieved a rejuvenated state. Infected liver cells with M. leprae showed gene expression patterns that were similar to those of livers from young animals and human fetuses. There was a lot of expression of genes that control metabolism, growth, and cell division, but there was not much expression of genes that control aging. This means that the bacteria change how the liver cells control gene expression, putting them back in a progenitor state from which new liver tissue can grow. As it is, liver disease is responsible for two million deaths annually throughout the world. The research group is hoping that their findings may lead to new treatments for liver damage and aging. However, before using this method, another question remained: how did these bacteria not kill liver cells but instead cause them to divide and reproduce? Moreover, its clinical translation to humans still needs to be verified before making it a super-glorified discovery. Ethical approval Not applicable. Sources of funding No funding. Author contributions H.C.: conceptualization, data curation, writing – original draft preparation, writing – reviewing and editing. T.B.E.: writing – reviewing and editing, visualization, supervision. K.D.: data curation, writing – original draft preparation, writing – reviewing and editing. Conflicts of interest disclosure The authors declare that they have no financial conflict of interest with regard to the content of this report. Research registration unique identifying number Not applicable. Guarantor Talha Bin Emran, PhD. Provenance and peer review Not commissioned, internally peer-reviewed. Data statement No specific data collected for the above manuscript.
Dear Editor, The monkeypox virus (MPXV) continues to spread across different countries in the world. The disease caused by MPXV is an uncommon viral zoonotic disease that is occasionally considered life-threatening. Earlier, the monkeypox disease was epidemic to the African countries, and it spread later to various populations and numbers of geographical areas of non-African countries. Genomic instability and mutational changes also become the significant factors for the re-emergence of human MPXV, animals (non-human) to human, and human to human transmission [1,2]. Several countries (e.g. USA, UK, Canada) have initiated a “ring vaccination” strategy to resist the spread of MPXV, which is a selective vaccination approach that successfully contained smallpox and Ebola outbreaks. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) advises people who are considered at high risk for MPXV infection to get vaccinated against the virus [3]. But precisely, the vaccine candidate has not been developed specifically against MPXV, and therefore smallpox vaccines are recommended assuming to be 85% effective by providing cross-protective immunity against the MPXV infection, as per WHO and CDC. However, smallpox vaccines have minimal testing against MPXV infection, and this assessment was based on the past data from the infection in the African region, where the MPXV outbreaks occurred decades ago [4]. Currently, some vaccines being used against smallpox infection have also been applied to prevent MPXV infection in humans (Table 1) [5]. Out of these vaccines, two vaccines were licensed for use against infection in the USA, JYNNEOS (known as Imvanex or Imvamune) and ACAM200 [6]. The JYNNEOS is a live non-replicating virus vaccine, which is given as two injections within four weeks [7], while the ACAM2000 vaccine is given as a live virus preparation by pricking the skin surface that grows at the lesion site and might spread to other parts of the body or other people. Having questions about the side effects of MPX vaccines is reasonable. The JYNNEOS vaccine has few side effects after vaccination, such as headache, fatigue, nausea, pain at the injection spot, swelling, and redness visible at the injection site within the first couple of days after vaccination [5]. In the ACAM2000 vaccination, individuals suffered fever, small rash, lymph node swelling, and other associated adverse complications (myocarditis and pericarditis) along with pain, swelling, and redness. This vaccine is unsafe and risky for pregnant women, infants, immunocompromised, or individuals living with HIV [8]. The JYNNEOS vaccine is considered to be less reactogenic rather than other traditional smallpox vaccines. Another specialized vaccine known as Aventis Pasteur Smallpox Vaccine (APSV) is presently being offered to humans in a few countries (UK, Spain) [9].Table 1: Smallpox vaccines and their status, used against the MPXV infection.Of note, a specialized next-generation vaccine can be developed based on the genomic sequence information of MPXV. The essential viral protein(s) is considered as vaccine antigens and used as the coding sequence for vaccine development. This peptide-based vaccine formulation platform is highly acceptable rather the conventional procedure of vaccine development. It should have higher efficiency, be less expensive, and speed up the process of covering different mutational variants of this virus [10]. Most nucleic acid-based vaccines, such as DNA and mRNA, can quickly be adapted in case of a newly emerging virus involving a next-generation vaccine development platform. Next-generation vaccine should be the most reliable vaccine platform for manufacturing vaccine candidates in a faster way when a new pathogenic virus emerges shortly and acquire mutations. If we look at the evolution of the MPXV, the virus separated from Orthopoxviruses approximately 3500 years ago through the continuous evolution derived from the mutation. It has been observed that undergoing the evolution process, and the genetic variation produced the MPXV West African subtype about 600 years ago. Researchers have also informed about two initial clades of the African MPXV, which are i) CB Clade or the Congo Basin Clade (Clade I). It originated in the Central part of Africa ii) WA Clade or West African Clade, the second one from the West African (WA) Clade (Clade II). WA Clade or Clade II has been further divided into Clade IIa and Clade IIb. Nakazawa et al. have highlighted that the branches of the CB clade are much shorter. The researchers indicated a recent diversification within this clade; they have described the biogeographic barriers accountable for the CB-WA split [11]. We have recently developed the phylogenomic illustration of the current MPXV and the mutational landscape [1]. Some other researchers have demonstrated phylogenomic illustration or molecular evolution of the current MPXV [12–14]. At the same time, researchers illustrated two important directions: one, mutation and phylogenetics; second, mutation and pathogenicity [12]. Researchers have found 24 non-synonymous variations. Among them, some mutations such as M1741I, P722S, and D209N, located in B21R surface glycoprotein, are associated with the immune evasion process and enhance transmissibility of the MPXV [15]. Several other researchers found the elevated frequency of TC→TT and GA→AA in the genome sequences [1,15]. However, a continuous mutation is found in the MPXV, which demands a mutation-proof vaccine for the MPXV. Recently, we have already urged for a mutation-proof vaccine for SARS-CoV-2 considering mutations [16]. The mutation-proof vaccine might be more effective against a mutating pathogen including the MPXV. In this case, mutations are considered during the coding sequence selection for vaccine development. The vaccine candidate should be effective, safe, and unable to induce the enriched diseases following infection. Subsequently, large-scale production can be done quickly, increasing the flexibility of vaccines to antigenic changes in circulating strains. Developing next-generation vaccine against MPX is crucial to define our real expectations from this vaccine or the need for the future emerging mutational variants of MPXV. The current outbreak of MPXV does have certain unfamiliar features, containing the persistent patterns of human-to-human transmission when men have sex with men. Therefore, the human MPXV is no longer considered a sporadic zoonotic disease, and its rapid spread in more than 100 countries has posed high global public health concerns [17]. It also requires more study to know whether any new transmission pattern has emerged or not [18]. We already know about the pandemic periods of SARS-CoV-2 infection, and the virus quickly emerged to become a critical human pathogen causing the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic. The COVID-19 pandemic phases with multiple waves repeatedly faced surge in cases, high mortality, severe infections, breakthrough vaccine infections and reinfection owing to continuously emerging SARS-CoV-2 mutants, variants and lineages possessing higher transmissibility and severe disease causing ability via overpowering protection levels of vaccine induced immunity and antibodies-based therapies through immune escape mechanisms. So, it seems to be proactive to prepare effective and advanced next generation vaccines against any pathogenic viruses or microbes, although they presently may not be showing higher death cases as a major threat. For MPXV, existing vaccines and drugs still have certain shortcomings. Clinical trials have not confirmed the vaccines' efficacy and safety profile and larger trials are required for assessing smallpox vaccine efficacy against MPX. In this respect, high-end research in advanced platforms is urgently needed to develop suitable next-generation vaccines against MPXV for countering its currently emerging and future threats. Ethical approval No applicable. Sources of funding No fund received. Author contribution Manojit Bhattacharya: Data Curation, Investigation, Writing - Original Draft. Kuldeep Dhama: Validation; editing-reviewing. Chiranjib Chakraborty: Conceptualization, Investigation, Writing - Original Draft, Writing - review & editing. All authors critically reviewed and approved the final version of the manuscript. Conflicts of interest All authors report no conflicts of interest relevant to this article. Registration of research studies Name of the registry: Not applicable Unique Identifying number or registration ID: Not applicable Hyperlink to your specific registration (must be publicly accessible and will be checked): Not applicable Guarantor Professor Chiranjib Chakraborty. Department of Biotechnology, School of Life Science and Biotechnology. Adamas University, Kolkata, West Bengal 700,126, India. Email: [email protected] Tel: +91-9871608125. Consent Not applicable. Provenance and peer review Not commissioned, internally peer-reviewed. Data statement The data in this correspondence article is not sensitive in nature and is accessible in the public domain. The data is therefore available and not of a confidential nature. Acknowledgements All authors are thankful to their respective institutes and universities. Manojit Bhattacharya Kuldeep Dhama Chiranjib Chakraborty 1Department of Zoology, Fakir Mohan University, Vyasa Vihar, Balasore, 756020, Odisha, India 2Division of Pathology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, 243122, Uttar Pradesh, India 3Department of Biotechnology, School of Life Science and Biotechnology, Adamas University, Kolkata, West Bengal, 700126, India E-mail addresses:[email protected]; [email protected]; [email protected]
Abstract The supplementation of livestock rations with herbs containing bioactive components, such as rosmarinic acid (RA), have shown promising results as a natural feed additive in promoting growth, productive and reproductive performance, feed utilization, fertility, anti-oxidant status and immunologic indices. Furthermore, RA reportedly reduces the risks of various animal diseases and mitigates side effects of chemical and synthetic drugs. RA is a natural polyphenol present in several Lamiaceae herbs like Perilla frutescens , and RA is becoming an integral component of animal nutrition as it counters the effect of reactive oxygen species induced in the body as a consequence of different kinds of stressors. Studies have further ascertained the capability of RA to work as an anti-microbial, immunomodulatory, anti-diabetic, anti-allergic, anti-inflammatory, hepato- and renal-protectant agent, as well as to have beneficial effects during skin afflictions. Additionally, RA is favored in meat industries due to enhancing the quality of meat products by reportedly improving shelf-life and imparting desirable flavor. This review describes the beneficial applications and recent findings with RA, including its natural sources, modes of action and various useful applications in safeguarding livestock health as well as important aspects of human health.
Phyllanthus emblica (Euphorbiaceae), commonly known as synergy of food is frequently in dietary teems lime jam, prickle, vegan diet and traditional herbal medicines. The various compounds responsible for the biological activities are ascorbic acid, catechols, polyphenols, and hydrolyzable tannins. The current review article highlighted the role of metabolite profiling, marker-based quality protocols, and pharmacological activities in developing the functional food for health benefit. Considerable preclinical evidences on its anticancer, anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidant, potential and human trials on non-erosive gastroesophageal reflux disease, osteoarthritis and obesity have been reported about P. emblica fruits. The current challenges in the development of P. emblica based function food have critically been reviewed. The variabilities in chemical flux, biological activity at crude extract level, non-standardized formulations and non-availability of validated protocols are some major gaps in spite of large number of research reports appeared in last three decades. Further, in-depth metabolomics and bio-marker based quality assessment are required to develop the pharmacological active of the standardized P. emblica functional food and herbal medicines to unveil the importance of the phytocompound(s) in the observed health benefits.
Since 18 th Century, in North American Indian medicine, black cohosh (Cimicifuga racemosa) has got a long history of use in traditional medicine. Species of Cimicifuga (about 15) exist in the northern temperate zones of the world. It’s use in the traditional medicine in Asian countries like China and Japan; India and Bhutan; and Myanmar points out popularity of this plant. Cimicifuga racemosa is widely used to relieve premenstrual symptoms, dysmenorrheal and signs/conditions of menopause and its effect are similar to like that of hormones. In homeopathy also, preparations of C. racemosa are used for treating discomfort in late pregnancy, headache, and depression as well as for labor pains. It is an effective ecofriendly drug for the treatment of abortion and prolapse as well as post-parturient care in large animals. Popularly known as Black cohosh, it has been shown to possess potent antiinflammatory, antineoplastic and antioxidant effects, which are altogether much helpful for a sound health. It has positive regulatory effects on gastrointestinal system, central nervous system and circulatory system of the body. Potent effects are observed on obstetric and gynaecological problems. It’s beneficial effects have also been observed on bone metabolism. It also shows endocrine activity. Besides these many other traditional / folk and modern uses of black cohosh have also been documented. Delaying the use of this plant until breast cancer treatment is over or avoidance of its concomitant use with drug like estone-3-sulphate will prove the judicious use of this plant for the purpose of human health care. With respect to liver disorder the harmful effect of the plant has raised safety issues as it may lead to fatal consequences. Discontinuing extract of the plant in any kind of hepatic dysfunction is the need of hour. Several other measures in addition include: post-marketing surveillance; labeling of the herbal product in a proper manner; conducting preclinical and clinical studies for short duration and spontaneous reporting programs and will further encourage its use. The present review discusses the beneficial usages and potent applications, photochemistry and pharmacodynamics of this novel herb and natural medicine to safeguard human health for betterment of the society as claimed in the gigantic traditional resources and well supported by scientific evidences along with precautionary measures for its use.
'%3e%3ccircle r='20' fill='%23008'/%3e%3ccircle r='17.5' fill='%23fff'/%3e%3ccircle r='3.5' fill='%23008'/%3e%3cg id='d'%3e%3cg id='c'%3e%3cg id='b'%3e%3cg id='a' fill='%23008'%3e%3ccircle r='.875' transform='rotate(7.5 -8.75 133.5)'/%3e%3cpath d='M0 17.5.6 7 0 2l-.6 5L0 17.5z'/%3e%3c/g%3e%3cuse xlink:href='%23a' transform='rotate(15)'/%3e%3c/g%3e%3cuse xlink:href='%23b' transform='rotate(30)'/%3e%3c/g%3e%3cuse xlink:href='%23c' transform='rotate(60)'/%3e%3c/g%3e%3cuse xlink:href='%23d' transform='rotate(120)'/%3e%3cuse xlink:href='%23d' transform='rotate(-120)'/%3e%3c/g%3e%3c/svg%3e)
'%3e%3cg id='e'%3e%3cg id='c' fill='none' stroke='%23fff' stroke-width='2'%3e%3cpath id='b' d='M0 1h26M1 10V5h8v4h8V5h-5M4 9h2m20 0h-5V5h8m0-5v9h8V0m-4 0v9' transform='scale(1.4)'/%3e%3cpath id='a' d='M0 7h9m1 0h9' transform='scale(2.8)'/%3e%3cuse xlink:href='%23a' y='120'/%3e%3cuse xlink:href='%23b' y='145.2'/%3e%3c/g%3e%3cg id='d'%3e%3cuse xlink:href='%23c' x='56'/%3e%3cuse xlink:href='%23c' x='112'/%3e%3cuse xlink:href='%23c' x='168'/%3e%3c/g%3e%3c/g%3e%3cuse xlink:href='%23d' x='168'/%3e%3cuse xlink:href='%23e' x='392'/%3e%3c/g%3e%3cg fill='%23da0000' transform='matrix(45 0 0 45 315 180)'%3e%3cg id='f'%3e%3cpath d='M-.548.836A.912.912 0 0 0 .329-.722 1 1 0 0 1-.548.836'/%3e%3cpath d='M.618.661A.764.764 0 0 0 .422-.74 1 1 0 0 1 .618.661M0 1l-.05-1L0-.787a.31.31 0 0 0 .118.099V-.1l-.04.993zM-.02-.85 0-.831a.144.144 0 0 0 .252-.137A.136.136 0 0 1 0-.925'/%3e%3c/g%3e%3cuse xlink:href='%23f' transform='scale(-1 1)'/%3e%3c/g%3e%3c/svg%3e)
'/%3e%3c/defs%3e%3cpath fill='%23012169' d='M0 0h10080v5040H0z'/%3e%3cpath stroke='%23fff' stroke-width='.6' d='m0 0 6 3m0-3L0 3' clip-path='url(%23b)' transform='scale(840)'/%3e%3cpath stroke='%23e4002b' stroke-width='.4' d='m0 0 6 3m0-3L0 3' clip-path='url(%23c)' transform='scale(840)'/%3e%3cpath stroke='%23fff' stroke-width='840' d='M2520 0v2520M0 1260h5040'/%3e%3cpath stroke='%23e4002b' stroke-width='504' d='M2520 0v2520M0 1260h5040'/%3e%3cg fill='%23fff'%3e%3cuse xlink:href='%23d' x='2520' y='3780'/%3e%3cuse xlink:href='%23a' x='7560' y='4200'/%3e%3cuse xlink:href='%23a' x='6300' y='2205'/%3e%3cuse xlink:href='%23a' x='7560' y='840'/%3e%3cuse xlink:href='%23a' x='8680' y='1869'/%3e%3cuse xlink:href='%23e' x='8064' y='2730'/%3e%3c/g%3e%3c/svg%3e)
'/%3e%3cuse xlink:href='%23a' transform='rotate(23.036 .093 25.536)'/%3e%3cuse xlink:href='%23a' transform='rotate(45.87 1.273 16.18)'/%3e%3cuse xlink:href='%23a' transform='rotate(69.945 .996 12.078)'/%3e%3cuse xlink:href='%23a' transform='rotate(20.66 -19.689 31.932)'/%3e%3c/svg%3e)
'%3e%3cpath fill='%23012169' d='M0 0v30h60V0z'/%3e%3cpath stroke='%23fff' stroke-width='6' d='m0 0 60 30m0-30L0 30'/%3e%3cpath stroke='%23C8102E' stroke-width='4' d='m0 0 60 30m0-30L0 30' clip-path='url(%23b)'/%3e%3cpath stroke='%23fff' stroke-width='10' d='M30 0v30M0 15h60'/%3e%3cpath stroke='%23C8102E' stroke-width='6' d='M30 0v30M0 15h60'/%3e%3c/g%3e%3c/svg%3e)