Eileen E. Henderson

University of California, Davis

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Javier Asín

University of California, Davis

Francisco A. Uzal

University of California, Davis

Esteban Soto

University of California, Davis

Mauricio A. Navarro

Austral University of Chile

Taylor I. Heckman

California State University, San Bernardino

Nicolás Streitenberger

University of California, Davis

Matt J. Griffin

Mississippi State University

Kelsey M. Anenson

University of California, Davis

Geoffrey C. Waldbieser

United States Department of Agriculture

Akinyi C. Nyaoke

California State University, San Bernardino

Cooperative Institutions

University of California, Davis

California State University, San Bernardino

California Academy of Sciences

Golden Gate University

California Department of Food and Agriculture

Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco

Cornell University

University of Florida

University of Guelph

University of California System

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CORRECTION: Acipenserid herpesvirus 2 genome and partial validation of a qPCR for its detection in white sturgeon Acipenser transmontanus

Diseases of Aquatic Organisms (2024)

EM Quijano Cardé Kelsey M. Anenson Geoffrey C. Waldbieser CT Brown Matt J. Griffin

White (mutation)

10.3354/dao03768_c

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Citations (0)

Toxic Wasting Disorders in Sheep

Animals (2021)

Jéssica Molín Fábio S. Mendonça Eileen E. Henderson Akinyi C. Nyaoke Gustavo Ramírez

Infectious and parasitic agents have been frequently associated with debilitating and wasting conditions in sheep. The prevalence of these agents has probably undermined the role of toxic causes as contributors to such disorders. In addition, many of these intoxications frequently produce acute clinical disease with specific and characteristic lesions, thus a causal relationship with the toxic substance may be relatively easy to establish. However, persistent exposure to some of these organic or inorganic toxic substances may lead to emaciation, ill-thrift, and poor external aspect. The anti-nutritional factors and alkaloids of several plants, including pyrrolizidine alkaloids, among others, have also been associated with emaciation and/or poor general performance in sheep flocks. In this review, some of these disorders are discussed with an emphasis on clinical signs and lesions, relevant diagnostic aspects, and available therapeutic approaches. In most cases, demonstrating a history of exposure should be one of the most relevant aspects of the diagnostic approach, and removing the animals from the toxic source is the cornerstone of the majority of the treatment strategies.

Emaciation

Anorexia

Flock

Chronic wasting disease

10.3390/ani11010229

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Citations (5)

Helicosporidium sp. infection in a California kingsnake (Lampropeltis californiae): Spillover of a pathogen of invertebrates to a vertebrate host

Veterinary Pathology (2024)

Javier Asín April L. Childress Eva Dervas Michael M. Garner Francisco A. Uzal

Helicosporidium is a genus of nonphotosynthetic, green algae in the family Chlorellaceae, closely related to Prototheca. It is a known pathogen of invertebrates, and its occurrence in vertebrates has not been documented. A captive, 10-month-old, male, albino California kingsnake ( Lampropeltis californiae) was submitted for necropsy. Gross examination revealed hemorrhagic laryngitis and a red mottled liver. Histologically, intravascular, intramonocytic/macrophagic and extracellular, eukaryotic organisms were observed in all tissues. These organisms stained positive with Grocott-Gomori methenamine silver and periodic acid-Schiff and were variably acid-fast and gram-positive. Ultrastructural analysis revealed approximately 4 µm vegetative multiplication forms and cysts with 3 parallel ovoid cells and a helically coiled filamentous cell. A polymerase chain reaction with primers targeting Prototheca, amplicon sequencing, and Bayesian phylogenetic analysis confirmed it clustered within Helicosporidium sp. with 100% posterior probability. The genus Helicosporidium was found to nest within the genus Prototheca, forming a clade with Prototheca wickerhamii with 80% posterior probability.

10.1177/03009858241259179

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Botulism in fish: a review

Journal of Veterinary Diagnostic Investigation (2024)

Francisco A. Uzal Eileen E. Henderson Javier Asín

Published information about fish botulism is scant. We review here the current literature on fish botulism. Freshwater fish are susceptible to botulism. Only anecdotal evidence exists about possible botulism cases in saltwater fish. With only a few exceptions, the etiology of all cases of fish botulism reported is Clostridium botulinum type E, although fish are sensitive to, and may carry, various C. botulinum types. Clinical signs of botulism in fish include loss of equilibrium and motion, abducted opercula, open mouths, dark pigmentation, and head up/tail down orientation in which attempts to swim result in breaching the surface of the water. Dark pigmentation is thought to be associated with acetylcholine imbalance in botulinum neurotoxin (BoNT)-affected fish. Rarely, but similar to the situation in other animal species, fish can recover from botulism. Fish botulism can cause secondary outbreaks of the disease in birds, as botulism-affected fish stand out from normal fish, and are selectively preyed upon by fish-eating birds, which thus become intoxicated by the BoNT present in sick fish. The source of BoNT in fish has not been definitively confirmed. Fish may ingest C. botulinum spores that then germinate in their digestive tract, but the possibility that fish ingest preformed BoNT from the environment (e.g., dead fish, shellfish, insects) cannot be ruled out. The presumptive diagnosis of botulism in fish is established based on clinical signs, and as in other species, confirmation should be based on detection of BoNT in intestinal content, liver, and/or serum of affected fish.

Botulism

Clostridium botulinum

Fresh water fish

10.1177/10406387241236725

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Citations (2)

Nutritional Wasting Disorders in Sheep

Animals (2021)

Javier Asín Gustavo Ramírez Mauricio A. Navarro Akinyi C. Nyaoke Eileen E. Henderson

The different ovine production and breeding systems share the cornerstone of keeping a good body condition to ensure adequate productivity. Several infectious and parasitic disorders have detrimental effects on weight gains and may lead to emaciation. Flock health management procedures are aimed to prevent such conditions. Nutritional management is equally important to guarantee adequate body condition. Persistent bouts of low ruminal pH due to excess concentrate in the diet may lead to subacute ruminal acidosis. Pre-stomach motility disorders may also lead to ill-thrift and emaciation. An adequate mineral supplementation is key to prevent the effects of copper, selenium, and other micronutrients deprivation, which may include, among others, loss of condition. This review elaborates on the clinico-pathologic, diagnostic, and therapeutic aspects of some of these conditions, and highlights the necessity of considering them as contributors to states of wasting in sheep flocks.

Emaciation

Flock

Wasting Syndrome

10.3390/ani11020501

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Citations (22)

Bacterial and viral enterocolitis in horses: a review

Journal of Veterinary Diagnostic Investigation (2021)

Francisco A. Uzal Luis G. Arroyo Mauricio A. Navarro Diego E. Gómez Javier Asín

Enteritis, colitis, and enterocolitis are considered some of the most common causes of disease and death in horses. Determining the etiology of these conditions is challenging, among other reasons because different causes produce similar clinical signs and lesions, and also because some agents of colitis can be present in the intestine of normal animals. We review here the main bacterial and viral causes of enterocolitis of horses, including Salmonella spp., Clostridium perfringens type A NetF-positive, C. perfringens type C, Clostridioides difficile, Clostridium piliforme, Paeniclostridium sordellii, other clostridia, Rhodococcus equi, Neorickettsia risticii, Lawsonia intracellularis, equine rotavirus, and equine coronavirus. Diarrhea and colic are the hallmark clinical signs of colitis and enterocolitis, and the majority of these conditions are characterized by necrotizing changes in the mucosa of the small intestine, colon, cecum, or in a combination of these organs. The presumptive diagnosis is based on clinical, gross, and microscopic findings, and confirmed by detection of some of the agents and/or their toxins in the intestinal content or feces.

Enterocolitis

Necrotizing Enterocolitis

Clostridium perfringens

Cecum

Ileitis

10.1177/10406387211057469

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Citations (23)

Pathology in Practice

Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association (2021)

Eileen E. Henderson Rahul Dange Jon S. Patterson Thomas H. Herdt Dalen Agnew

10.2460/javma.259.8.857

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Diagnosis, isolation and description of a novel amnoonvirus recovered from diseased fancy guppies, Poecilia reticulata

Journal of Fish Diseases (2024)

Esteban Soto Benjamin R. LaFrentz Susan Yun Dorothea Vera Megarani Eileen E. Henderson

Abstract The guppy, Poecilia reticulata , is one of the most common cultured ornamental fish species, and a popular pet fish highly desired by hobbyists worldwide due to its availability of many brilliantly coloured fish of many varieties. The susceptibility of guppies to diseases presents a remarkable concern for both breeders and hobbyists. In this study, we report the emergence of disease in fancy guppies caused by a previously uncharacterized virus in the USA. This virus was isolated from moribund guppies in two separate outbreaks in California and Alabama, from December 2021 to June 2023. The infected guppies presented with acute morbidity and mortality shortly after shipping, displaying nonspecific clinical signs and gross changes including lethargy, anorexia, swimming at the water surface, gill pallor, mild to moderate coelomic distension and occasional skin lesions including protruding scales, skin ulcers and hyperaemia. Histological changes in affected fish were mild and nonspecific; however, liver and testes from moribund fish were positive for Tilapia lake virus (TiLV), the single described member in the family Amnoonviridae , using immunohistochemistry and in situ hybridization, although the latter was weak. A virus was successfully recovered following tissue inoculation on epithelioma papulosum cyprini and snakehead fish cell lines. Whole genome sequencing and phylogenetic analyses revealed nucleotide and amino acid homologies from 78.3%–91.2%, and 78.2%–97.7%, respectively, when comparing the guppy virus genomes to TiLV isolates. Based on the criteria outlined herein, we propose the classification of this new virus, fancy tailed guppy virus (FTGV), as a member of the family Amnoonviridae , with the name Tilapinevirus poikilos (from the Greek ‘poikilos’, meaning of many colours; various sorts, akin to ‘poecilia’).

Guppy

Poecilia

Perciformes

10.1111/jfd.13937

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Citations (0)

Histopathologic Prevalence and Severity of Testicular Oocytes in Smallmouth Bass from Two Archival Collections

Journal of Aquatic Animal Health (2020)

K. Christiana Grim Eileen E. Henderson Marilyn J. Wolfe Jeffrey C. Wolf

Abstract During recent decades, survey studies have documented the widespread presence of oocytes in the testes of male Smallmouth Bass Micropterus dolomieu collected from surface waters throughout the United States. There are few published reports of testicular oocytes (TO) in Smallmouth Bass before the 1990s, so it is difficult to know how long this has been occurring. Consequently, this study was conducted to evaluate the prevalence and severity of TO occurrence in whole fish specimens from two archival collections—the Smithsonian Institution's National Museum of Natural History in Suitland, Maryland, and Cornell University's Museum of Vertebrates in Ithaca, New York. Gonads were excised from 167 preserved male Smallmouth Bass that were originally collected between 1875 and 2004, and routine histologic sections were prepared and examined. The severity of TO was determined using a semiquantitative scoring system. Overall, 52.1% of male Smallmouth Bass were found to have TO. Affected fish had been collected in 11 of the 18 represented states, and TO were found in specimens harvested during decades as early as the 1880s and 1900s. Unfortunately, the small number of samples acquired at the earliest time periods precluded analyses of prevalence and severity trends over time. The results of this study demonstrated that the phenomenon of TO in male Smallmouth Bass is at least a century old and confirmed the widespread nature of this finding throughout the species’ historic range. Further research efforts should focus on determining the baseline prevalence of TO in laboratory-reared male Smallmouth Bass that have not been exposed to endocrine active substances or the effects of experimental estrogen exposure on such fish.

10.1002/aah.10096

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Citations (3)

Development and efficacy of Streptococcus iniae live-attenuated vaccines in Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus

Fish & Shellfish Immunology (2021)

Taylor I. Heckman Khalid Shahin Eileen E. Henderson Matt J. Griffin Esteban Soto

Streptococcus iniae is a re-emerging bacterial pathogen in freshwater and marine aquaculture worldwide. There are no commercial vaccines available for S. iniae in the United States, and autogenous vaccines are restricted to inactivated whole-cell preparations with limited protection against heterogenous strains. Live-attenuated vaccines (LAV) represent an advantageous alternative to these bacterins, as they induce robust cellular and humoral immunity, and may provide longer lasting protection through less stressful routes of administration. We investigated whether accumulation of mutations in S. iniae by serial passage in the presence of rifampin can generate immunogenic LAV conferring protection against challenge with heterologous wild-type (WT) S. iniae strains in Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). Three lineages of rifampin-resistant S. iniae strains were generated from three genetically distinct parent strains (n = 9) by multiple passages in increments of Rifamycin SV sodium salt. Growth in liquid media, extent of capsulation, antimicrobial susceptibility, survival in Nile tilapia whole blood, and cytotoxicity in an O. mossambicus endothelial cell line were compared between the passaged and WT strains. Nile tilapia challenges were used to assess strain virulence, generation of anti-S. iniae IgM, and the protection conferred by LAV candidates against virulent S. iniae. Rifampin-resistant strains demonstrated changes in growth rate and cytotoxicity in endothelial cells, as well as significant reductions in whole blood survival (p < 0.05). Selected strains also showed attenuated virulence in the Nile tilapia challenge model, and anti-S. iniae IgM generated against these strains demonstrated cross-reactivity against heterologous bacteria. Immunization by intracoelomic injection induced protection against a virulent WT strain of S. iniae, with relative percent survival up to 95.05%.

Streptococcus iniae

Nile tilapia

Heterologous

Attenuated vaccine

10.1016/j.fsi.2021.12.043

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Citations (24)