Diagnosis, isolation and description of a novel amnoonvirus recovered from diseased fancy guppies, Poecilia reticulata
Esteban SotoBenjamin R. LaFrentzSusan YunDorothea Vera MegaraniEileen E. HendersonChutchai PiewbangAmber E. JohnstonSomporn TechangamsuwanTerry Fei Fan NgJanet V. WargWin SurachetpongKuttichantran Subramaniam
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Abstract The guppy, Poecilia reticulata , is one of the most common cultured ornamental fish species, and a popular pet fish highly desired by hobbyists worldwide due to its availability of many brilliantly coloured fish of many varieties. The susceptibility of guppies to diseases presents a remarkable concern for both breeders and hobbyists. In this study, we report the emergence of disease in fancy guppies caused by a previously uncharacterized virus in the USA. This virus was isolated from moribund guppies in two separate outbreaks in California and Alabama, from December 2021 to June 2023. The infected guppies presented with acute morbidity and mortality shortly after shipping, displaying nonspecific clinical signs and gross changes including lethargy, anorexia, swimming at the water surface, gill pallor, mild to moderate coelomic distension and occasional skin lesions including protruding scales, skin ulcers and hyperaemia. Histological changes in affected fish were mild and nonspecific; however, liver and testes from moribund fish were positive for Tilapia lake virus (TiLV), the single described member in the family Amnoonviridae , using immunohistochemistry and in situ hybridization, although the latter was weak. A virus was successfully recovered following tissue inoculation on epithelioma papulosum cyprini and snakehead fish cell lines. Whole genome sequencing and phylogenetic analyses revealed nucleotide and amino acid homologies from 78.3%–91.2%, and 78.2%–97.7%, respectively, when comparing the guppy virus genomes to TiLV isolates. Based on the criteria outlined herein, we propose the classification of this new virus, fancy tailed guppy virus (FTGV), as a member of the family Amnoonviridae , with the name Tilapinevirus poikilos (from the Greek ‘poikilos’, meaning of many colours; various sorts, akin to ‘poecilia’).Keywords:
Guppy
Poecilia
Perciformes
Poecilia
Guppy
Poeciliidae
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Guppy
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The guppy, Poecilia reticulata, is a model for many ichthyological studies. The effect of light on juvenile growth has been studied on the Poecilia reticulata. Studies have been conducted in twenty-liter aquariums. For experiments on the fish arbitrary choice of light intensity (light transmission behavior), it was used radiant pans of organic glass 150 x 15 x 15 cm divided by transparent semi-partitions into ten communicating compartments. The specific growth rate has been determined after the experiments. It increases with the light level increasing. The growth rate is minimal at 0 lx in all series of experiments. It was shown that the sharpest increase in the specific growth rate of guppies occurred when the illumination changed from 0 to 200 lx. A further increase in the intensity of illumination practically did not affect the growth of guppies. Also, the guppy juvenile behavior has been studied in special trays at different light from 3200 to 5900 lx. The motor activity of guppies increases by 30% in lightgradient conditions. The frequency (25 sec) and length of guppies stay (28.3 sec) are the highest in the compartment with 4700 lx. The preferential light zone expands if the juveniles are starving. As the period of starvation increased, guppies began to swim almost equally often and linger in different light zones. Thus, high light conditions stimulate the search behavior and activity of guppies. To grow guppies in production conditions, high illumination is necessary.
Poecilia
Guppy
Light intensity
Poeciliidae
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Poecilia
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Intersexual selection in male guppies ( Poecilia reticulata ) has been a minor topic over the years and therefore there is not much research behind it. This experiment will be conducted in order to understand what characteristics of a female will cause male guppies to exhibit more courtship behaviors. Using a huge caudal fin true orange female guppy model and a standard size true orange female guppy model, we placed them both into the tank at the same time and observed the male's behavior. RESULTS. DISCUSSION.
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Guppy
Variation (astronomy)
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Although schooling behaviour is an important antipredator response of guppies (Poecilia reticulata) in Trinidad it is not known whether fish elect to school with particular individuals. Familiarity is a simple mechanism that could lead to non-random associations within schools. In this paper we test the idea that prior experience of particular individuals influences the choice of partners during schooling. We show (in a laboratory study) that female guppies prefer to associate with familiar individuals. However, we are unable to detect any schooling preference for unfamiliar females from the same population.
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Guppy
Poeciliidae
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Predation is the main cause of mortality during early life stages.The ability to avoid and evade potential threats is, therefore, favoured to evolve during the early stages of life.It is also during these early stages that the process of familiarization occurs.It has long been recognized that associating with familiar individuals confers antipredator benefits.Yet, gaps in our knowledge remain about how predator evasion is affected by social experience during early stages.In this study, we test the hypothesis that familiarization acquired during early life stages improves escape responses.Using the guppy Poecilia reticulata, we examine the effect of different recent social conditions in the three main components of predator evasion.Using high-speed motion analysis, we compared the number of individuals in each test group that responded to a visual stimulus, their reactive distance and magnitude of their response (maximum speed, maximum acceleration and distance) in groups composed either of familiar or non-familiar individuals.Contrary to the prediction, groups composed of familiar individuals were less responsive than groups of unfamiliar individuals.Reactive distance and magnitude of response were more dependent on individual size rather than on familiarity.Larger individuals reached higher maximum speeds and total distances in their escape response.Our result indicates that familiarity is likely to affect behaviour earlier in a predator-prey interaction, which then affects the behavioural component of the response.Taken together our study contributes to previous ones, by distinguishing which components of an escape response are modulated by familiarity.
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Sexual selection is one of the major behaviors that researchers have studied in guppies in order to investigate the ecological, evolutionary and behavioral factors that impact mate selection. The hypothesis was how the size of the female guppy impacted the mate choice of the male, as previous studies indicated that male guppies are more attracted to larger females, possible because they reflect more light. In order to test this, we set up a fish tank with a live male guppy inside and drew lines on the side of the tank to segment it into thirds. Various sized 3D models of female guppies were inserted into the tank and male sexual behaviors were monitored for five minutes. Data collected indicated that as the size of the female guppy increased so did the time spent with that model and the number of sexual behaviors displayed toward that model. In conclusion, the data collected clearly supports the hypothesis made that male guppy are attracted to and display more sexual behaviors towards a larger female guppy.
Guppy
Poecilia
Poeciliidae
Sexual dimorphism
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