Antibiotics are released into the environment either directly in an unchanged form or in a partially metabolized form. The discharge is usually through untreated waste or industrial treatment effluents. The potential concern is the uptake of these antibiotics by crops irrigated by treated wastewater. This study collected wastewater from eight points at the Pagla, Kadamtali, Dhaka treatment plant. Here we consider three crucial antibiotics, Doxycycline, Ciprofloxacin, and Tetracycline, used mainly during the last two years of the pandemic. A PDA detector was used in high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis to determine the raw and processed effluent antibiotics. The most frequently seen antibiotics in natural wastewater were Doxycycline and Ciprofloxacin, with the highest concentration of 0.23µgL-1and 0.20 µgL-1(raw water), respectively. Tetracycline was not detected in natural water. Contrarily, Doxycycline was discovered in the Pagla plant's completed water and had the highest concentration (0.12 gL-1), whereas Ciprofloxacin and Tetracycline were not found in the dead water. The findings of this study showed that Doxycycline was still present in both the raw and processed effluent. Both natural and finished wastewater was subjected to a microbial-resistant test in the presence of all three antibiotics. The results revealed that the samples detected both heterotrophic bacteria and total coliform. The viable aerobic heterotrophic bacteria ranged between 5.421 and 4.754 log cfu/ml. Total bacteria load gradually decreased in the finished wastewater.
The aim of the study was to determine the influence of different levels of polydextrose (0, 3, 6, 9 and 12%) in maintaining the physicochemical properties of threadfin bream surimi during 16 weeks of frozen storage. The analysis of these effects included the studying the changes in gel strength, gel whiteness, juiciness, folding, water-holding capacity, protein solubility and the pH level of the surimi. The cryoprotective effectiveness generally increased with the increase in polydextrose content. The highest gel strength, water-holding capacity and protein solubility were maintained by 12% of polydextrose at 83, 94 and 83%, respectively; moreover, 32% of the moisture in juiciness was lost and an average gel whiteness of 76.33 was maintained over 16 weeks of storage. These values are measured against those of 0% polydextrose and surimi with 0.3% sodium trypolyphosphate. The addition of 6% polydextrose can maintain the gel strength, water-holding capacity and protein solubility at 82, 97 and 78%, respectively, lose 28% of moisture in juiciness and produce an average gel whiteness of 78.15. However, higher levels of polydextrose result in a larger extent of reduction in gel whiteness due to the Maillard reaction. Therefore, a 6% level of polydextrose was determined to be the optimal level for the cryoprotection of surimi.
Coconut shell waste has great potential as a source of carbon in the future. Graphite is one of the carbon allotropes with layers of planar layered carbon atoms. One layer of graphite is called graphene with hexagonal carbon atomic structure. In this study, the Hummers method was used to obtain graphene from coconut shell waste. This method breaks the bonding graphite layer into graphene by utilizing the process of mixing a mixture of graphite and HCl solution with the addition of KMnO4 and NaNO3. Raman Spectroscopy characterization shows the formation of multilayer graphene with D, G, and 2D values in 1365, 1585, and 2865 cm-1. The Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy characterization confirmed the bonds of C-O, C = C and C = O at 1220, 1580, and 1700 cm-1. Meanwhile, X-Ray Diffraction characterization showed a peak of diffraction of graphene at 2I¸ at 11.6o; 23.9o; and 43.5o. The graphene produced becomes more transparent with the length of time of stirring, and the smaller the size of the graphite particles results in the irregularity of the graphene crystal structure.
Avoidance of dairy products due to lactose intolerance can lead to insufficiency of calcium (Ca) in the body. In an approach to address this problem, tuna bone powder (TBP) was formulated as a calcium supplement to fortify bakery products. In a study, TBP recovered by alkaline treatment contained 38.16 g/100 g of calcium and 23.31 g/100 g of phosphorus. The ratio of Ca:P that was close to 2:1 was hence comparable to that in human bones. The availability of calcium in TBP was 53.93%, which was significantly higher than most calcium salts, tricalcium phosphate (TCP) being the exception. In vitro availability of calcium in TBP-fortified cookies or TCP-fortified cookies were comparable at 38.9% and 39.5%, respectively. These values were higher than the readings from TBP-fortified bread (36.7%) or TCP-fortified bread (37.4%). Sensory evaluation of bakery products containing TBP or TCP elicited comparable scores for the two additives from test panels. Hence, TBP could be used in the production of high calcium bakery products that would enjoy consumer acceptance.
Coal in Indonesia is used as fuel for power plants to support the availability of electricity. Besides that, several industries such as the cement, paper, textile, and fertilizer also use coal as fuel for production process. Due to that the coal waste such as ash was generating as increasing coal usage. Therefore, further research was carried out to investigate ash content and chemical composition of coal with various types of calories in the South Kalimantan and Central Kalimantan. In addition, this study provides information about management and potential processing of coal ash so that environmental pollution able to minimized. The method used to obtain primary data to determine the content of each parameter is by direct testing on each parameter for variations in the type of coal calorie. As a result, coal with low to high value has a percentage of ash content, respectively 2.5%; 2.3% and 9.7% and mineral content, respectively 77.40%; 0,96% and 95.06%. As well as the chemical composition of coal for SiO2, respectively 26.56%; 30;50% and 58.76%, Al2O3 respectively 11.14%, 12.41% and 28.86%, Fe2O3 respectively 16.12%, 16.40% and 4.24%. CaO and TiO2 respectively 0.50%, 0.64% and 1.53%. The results obtained, namely the value of ash content and the amount of minerals show an increase in each variation of the type of coal calories as well as the economic value shows a graph that always increases.
Rotaviruses collected in Bangladesh during 1985 to 1986 were culture adapted and used in a comparative serotyping study with three groups of monoclonal antibodies, all of which reacted with the major neutralization protein (VP7) of serotype 1, 2, 3, or 4. The goals were to determine which monoclonal antibodies most accurately predicted the serotype and why large variations in serotyping efficiencies have occurred with these monoclonal antibodies in previous studies. The 143 rotavirus isolates used in this study belonged to 69 different electropherotypes; and 44, 23, 21, and 55 isolates were identified as serotype 1 through 4, respectively, by neutralization with serotype-specific hyperimmune antisera. Serotyping specificity by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay with monoclonal antibodies was 100% consistent with results found by neutralization with polyclonal antisera, but large differences were observed in the sensitivities of the different monoclonal antibodies. Monoclonal antibodies 5E8 (serotype 1), 1C10 (serotype 2), 159 (serotype 3), RV3:1 (serotype 3), ST-3:1 (serotype 4), and ST-2G7 (serotype 4) reacted with all the isolates of the corresponding serotype for which there were sufficient infectious particles. Monoclonal antibody 2F1 (serotype 2) was much less sensitive and reacted with only five serotype 2 isolates, but these were among those with the highest titers. Monoclonal antibodies RV4:2 (serotype 1), KU6BG (serotype 1), RV5:3 (serotype 2), and S2-2G10 (serotype 2), on the other hand, failed to react with between one and three isolates of the corresponding serotypes which had high titers, apparently because of epitope changes in these isolates. Effects of epitope variation were, however, most apparent with monoclonal antibodies 2C9 (serotype 1) and YO-1E2 (serotype 3), which reacted with one and no isolates of the corresponding serotypes, respectively. Cross-neutralization of escape mutants indicated that the serotype 1 monoclonal antibodies 5E8, 2C9, and RV4:2 reacted with different but probably overlapping epitopes, as did serotype 2 monoclonal antibodies 2F1, 1C10, and RV5:3, finding that were consistent with the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay data. Because of epitope variations between rotavirus strains, serotyping with several monoclonal antibodies directed at different epitopes may increase the sensitivity of the method.
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