This document investigates the impacts of climate change on agriculture in Nepal, a country identified as highly vulnerable to climate-related losses. The study used desktop review to gather relevant literature and thematically present the obtained data. It highlights the crucial challenges farmers face, including decreasing crop yields, declining livestock health, and threats to food security due to rising temperatures, altered precipitation patterns, and extreme weather events such as floods and droughts. The study utilizes data from climate risk assessments, including the "Global Climate Risk Index 2021" and recent findings on glacial lake outburst floods (GLOFs), to underscore the urgency of adaptation strategies for agricultural resilience. The document emphasizes that even marginal changes in temperature and precipitation can significantly affect agricultural productivity, supported by analyses of historical data and regional studies on temperature trends. It shows the need for adaptation strategies that consider unique regional vulnerabilities and the socio-economic conditions of farmers in Nepal.
Brachial plexus schwannomas are rare benign nerve sheath tumors and only about 5% of schwannoma arise from the brachial plexus. They create a great challenge to surgeons due to their rare occurrence and complex anatomical location. We present a case of 37 yrs female presented with a right supraclavicular mass with severe radiating pain in right hand. Further investigation was done with MRI and FNAC which turns out to be huge right brachial plexus schwannoma. Gross total resection was done without any neurological motor defi cits. Nepal Journal of Neuroscience. Vol. 13, No. 2, 2016, Page: 92-93
Botulinum Toxin (BoNT), a neurotoxin known for many years for its lethal nature has been in use for many cosmetic purposes for last many years. Its use in many medical problems especially chronic neurological problems has been well established in recent years. BoNT is a useful symptomatic treatment for many neurological disorders, and is emerging as one of the leading modes of treatments in the new subspecialty in neurology called “Interventional neurology.” We have also been using BoNT regularly for therapeutic purposes in different neurological diseases with good success rate for last few years. We think use of BoNT-A needs to be encouraged in our country to provide relief to the patients suffering from many of the chronic disabling neurological problems.Nepal Journal of Neuroscience 12:3-7, 2015
Pituitary tumors are one of the common brain tumors after gliomas, meningieomas and acoustic schwaanomas. It is commonly encountered in Nepal also as in other countries. Retrospective case series analytical study was done. The cases of pituitary adenoma from 2009 till 2015 were included. Types of pituitary adenoma, surgical technique, postoperative morbidities, mortalities and outcome were analyzed. Total 21 cases of pituitary adenoma were operated. All the cases were diagnosed by MRI, plain and contrast. In addition, thorough hormonal evaluation was done. All the cases were operated via transnasal transsphenoidal (TSS) approach. Microscope was used in all the cases whereas endoscope was used in selected cases. Preoperative lumbar puncture and CSF drain was not done in any case. Postoperative transient nasal CSF leak and diabetes insipidus were the most common surgery related morbidities in almost 50% cases which were totally cured with time. All the patients became asymptomatic and got better after surgery. Postoperative mortality and long term morbidity were nil. Recurrence was noted in one case after 3 years of surgery. Pituitary tumor surgery is safe and rewarding provided it is done carefully with skilled hands. TSS is a good approach with minimal postoperative complications. Better to have both microscope and endoscope for TSS.Nepal Journal of Neuroscience. Vol. 13, No. 2, 2016, Page:63-67
Background Parkinsons disease is a central nervous system degenerative disorder affecting motor system and characterized by progressive tremor, rigidity, gait abnormalities. Surgical treatment of Parkinsons disease is based on the changes in the basal gangliothalamocortical circuits which is altered in Parkinsons disease. Currently pallidotomy and Deep Brain Stimulation are available modes of surgical treatment of Parkinsons disease. Objective To know efficacy of deep brain stimulation in Parkinsons Disease in Nepal. Method All patients of idiopathic Parkinsons disease who underwent Deep Brain Stimulation in Annapurna Neurological Institute and Allied sciences since 2014 were included. The standard functional coordinates for Subthalamic nucleus and Globus pallidus internus was used. We used Zamarano-Dujovny (ZD) Fisher Frame with its software. Patients' Unified Parkinsons disease rating score, Modified Hoehn and Yahr Staging and Schwab and England Activities of daily living Scale were evaluated preoperativelyv as well as postoperatively. Result Ten patients underwent Deep Brain Stimulation. The male is to female ratio was 2:1. The mean age was 55.4±8.9 years and duration of illness was 5.5±2 years. There was a significant improvement in the scores for the main motor manifestations of the disease between the preoperative off-dopa and postoperative off-dopa/on-stim conditions. There was a significant improvement in Schwab and England Activities of daily living scale scores in the off-dopa condition between the preoperative score and the postoperative M6 score. Conclusion Our result of Deep Brain Stimulation is quite promising. However, it is very expensive and requires frequent follow-up for neuromodulation.
Abstract Drought is a critical abiotic stress that affects rice yield. There is typically a limited and irregular pattern of rainfall in mid-hill regions, which leads to drought conditions that significantly impact rice production. Therefore, our study aimed to identify the best-performing landraces of rice and determine suitable drought indices. For these, 17 different rice landraces grown in the mid-hills were selected. A two-factorial (genotype and moisture stress) completely randomized design with two replications was carried out at the Lamjung Campus in the spring of 2023. Drought stress resulted in a wide range of yield reductions, from 10–69%. Our findings revealed significant differences in the agro morphological traits of rice. A strong and positive correlation was found between grain yield and drought indices, tolerance indices (TOLs), mean productivity indices (MPs), geometric mean productivity (GMP), harmonic means (HMs), yield indices (YIs), and stress tolerance indices (STIs) under various drought stress conditions. Among these indices, the Juhari landrace performed well in terms of MP, GMP, STI, HM, and YI. Principal component analysis (PCA) clustered drought indices into two groups (PC1 and PC2). Of these, PC2 was found to be better because of its high yield potential. Further screening using the ranking method and cluster analysis identified Juhari, Kathe, Manamure, and Pahele as high-quality drought-tolerant genotypes. Based on our findings, we recommend cultivating Juhari in drought-prone regions within the mid-hill region. In conclusion, our study highlights the importance of indices such as the MPI, STI, GMP, HM, and YI as important instruments for drought screening. Our study highlighted the importance of choosing suitable drought-tolerant landraces that exhibit improved yield and stability under adverse conditions.
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