Integrated access and backhaul (IAB) is an important new feature in 5G NR that enables rapid and cost-effective millimeter-wave (mmWave) deployments through self-backhauling in the same spectrum. IAB deployments can achieve excellent cell edge coverage, for example, uplink rates above 100 Mb/s, while significantly reducing the amount of required fiber. This article provides a primer on IAB, contrasting it with the many failed multihop systems that preceded it. We conduct a large-scale study of coverage and rate performance based on a plausible deployment in Chicago's Lincoln Park neighborhood, utilizing ray tracing in the 39 GHz band. The study demonstrates that, as theory predicts, an IAB solution provides a massive coverage advantage for early mmWave rollouts with only a small number of fiber-connected (donor) base stations, for example, less than 10/km 2 . We show that as the UE and traffic loads increase over time as the 5G eco-system matures, the per user throughput can be maintained by replacing IAB (relay) nodes with donor nodes, that is, slowly extending the fiber network.
This book provides a timely and accessible introduction to the foundational ideas associated with the human development school of thought. It examines its conceptual evolution during the post-colonial era, and discusses how various institutions of the UN system have tried to engage with this issue, both in terms of intellectual and technical advance, and operationally. Showing that human development has had a profound impact on shaping the policy agenda and programming priorities of global institutions, it argues that human development has helped to preserve the continued vitality of major multilateral development programs, funds, and agencies. It also details how human development faces new risks and threats, caused by political, economic, social, and environmental forces which are highlighted in a series of engaging case studies on trade, water, energy, the environment, democracy, human rights, and peacebuilding. The book also makes the case for why human development remains relevant in an increasingly globalized world, while asking whether global institutions will be able to sustain political and moral support from their member states and powerful non-state actors. It argues that fresh new perspectives on human development are now urgently needed to fill critical gaps across borders and entire regions. A positive, forward-looking agenda for the future of global governance would have to engage with new issues such as the Sustainable Development Goals, energy transitions, resource scarcity, and expansion of democratic governance within and between nations. Redefining the overall nature and specific characteristics of what constitutes human progress in an increasingly integrated and interdependent world, this book serves as a primer for scholars and graduate students of international relations and development. It is also relevant to scholars of economics, political science, history, sociology, and women's studies.
In recent years, public sector funding, in general, and for the support of activities in developing countries, in particular, has become more and more “results” and “performance” oriented. There are different methods by which performance can be “indicated” (or even “measured”). The focus of this brief is on activities that are associated with quantitative performance indicators, i.e., performance assessed in terms of measured quantities — such as tonnes (of carbon), kilowatt-hours, or hectares — as carried out by the private sector. The aim of this brief is to review options for the use of such Quantity-Performance (QP) instruments as a way of channeling public funds to mitigate greenhouse gas emissions in a cost-effective way. QP instruments reward quantified mitigation performance, typically measured in tonnes of carbon dioxide-equivalent of achieved emissions reductions. As such, they imply exactly the kind of results monitoring that the current trend in public funding demands. They could be used by governments or multilateral funds, such as the Green Climate Fund, to mobilize the private sector and private sector finance for mitigation activities in developing countries.
Enzyme replacement therapy with laronidase is an established treatment for Mucopolysaccharidosis type I (MPS I), but its efficacy may be limited by the development of anti-drug antibodies, which inhibit cellular uptake of the enzyme. In a related disorder, infantile Pompe disease, immune tolerance induction with low-dose, short-course methotrexate appears to reduce antibody formation. We investigated a similar regimen using oral methotrexate in three MPS I patients. All patients developed anti-laronidase immunoglobulin G (IgG) and immunoglobulin M (IgM) antibodies, and they had clinically relevant levels of cellular uptake inhibition. We then explored several immune tolerance induction strategies in MPS I mice: (1) methotrexate, (2) combination of non-depleting anti-CD4 and anti-CD8 monoclonal antibodies, (3) methotrexate with anti-CD4 and anti-CD8 monoclonals, (4) anti-CD4 monoclonal, and (5) anti-CD8 monoclonal. Treated mice received 10 weekly laronidase injections, and laronidase was delivered with adjuvant on day 49 to further challenge the immune system. Most regimens were only partially effective at reducing antibody responses, but two courses of non-depleting anti-CD4 monoclonal antibody (mAb) ablated immune responses to laronidase in seven of eight MPS I mice (87.5%), even after adjuvant stimulation. Immune tolerance induction with methotrexate does not appear to be effective in MPS I patients, but use of non-depleting anti-CD4 monoclonal is a promising strategy. Enzyme replacement therapy with laronidase is an established treatment for Mucopolysaccharidosis type I (MPS I), but its efficacy may be limited by the development of anti-drug antibodies, which inhibit cellular uptake of the enzyme. In a related disorder, infantile Pompe disease, immune tolerance induction with low-dose, short-course methotrexate appears to reduce antibody formation. We investigated a similar regimen using oral methotrexate in three MPS I patients. All patients developed anti-laronidase immunoglobulin G (IgG) and immunoglobulin M (IgM) antibodies, and they had clinically relevant levels of cellular uptake inhibition. We then explored several immune tolerance induction strategies in MPS I mice: (1) methotrexate, (2) combination of non-depleting anti-CD4 and anti-CD8 monoclonal antibodies, (3) methotrexate with anti-CD4 and anti-CD8 monoclonals, (4) anti-CD4 monoclonal, and (5) anti-CD8 monoclonal. Treated mice received 10 weekly laronidase injections, and laronidase was delivered with adjuvant on day 49 to further challenge the immune system. Most regimens were only partially effective at reducing antibody responses, but two courses of non-depleting anti-CD4 monoclonal antibody (mAb) ablated immune responses to laronidase in seven of eight MPS I mice (87.5%), even after adjuvant stimulation. Immune tolerance induction with methotrexate does not appear to be effective in MPS I patients, but use of non-depleting anti-CD4 monoclonal is a promising strategy.
Abstract The Trade Policy Review Mechanism (TPRM) has been an integral part of the GATT/WTO since 1989 and shoulders a fundamental responsibility in making the regime more transparent. This paper asks: how has the TPRM responded to demands from developing countries for information and transparency? The paper uses a typology of information systems to explain the evolution of surveillance in the trade regime and asks whether the TPRM was assigned the functions of an ideal-type information system. The paper, then, evaluates the performance of the TPRM against its given mandate of increasing transparency to promote improved adherence with trade rules. It presents, for the first time, empirical evidence on the content of reports and the participation of countries, to highlight persisting content- and participation-related challenges. It discusses the capacity challenges within the WTO Secretariat and briefly outlines efforts made by developing countries to boost surveillance capacity at home. The paper ends by outlining priorities for monitoring in the trade regime: generating specific information that developing countries need, supporting domestic capacity for surveillance (including from non-official sources), and concentrating on improved peer review and follow-up procedures. Monitoring and surveillance is the rising agenda of the WTO. Pascal Lamy 1
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