In this study, the constitutive expression of the 27-kDa heat shock protein (Hsp27) in the adult rat central nervous system has been examined by immunohistochemistry and by two-dimensional gel Western blot analysis. Hsp27 immunoreactivity was observed primarily in motoneurons of cranial nerve nuclei and spinal cord, and in primary sensory neurons and their central processes. Also, Hsp27 immunoreactivity was present in neurons of the arcuate nucleus and of the reticular formation. However, only a subset of these neurons was Hsp27-immunoreactive. Most general somatic efferent motoneurons of the hypoglossal nucleus and spinal motor columns and most special visceral efferent motoneurons of the cranial nerve nuclei were Hsp27-positive. In contrast, fewer general somatic efferent motoneurons for eye muscles were Hsp27-positive, and only a small proportion of general visceral efferent neurons, i.e., parasympathetic and sympathetic preganglionic neurons, were stained for Hsp27. Many pseudounipolar sensory neurons were Hsp27-immunoreactive, and the patterns of staining in central sensory nuclei suggested that specific subpopulations of sensory neurons contained Hsp27. The cellular distribution of Hsp27 was uniform throughout the cytoplasm, including the perikaryon, axon and dendrites, the latter often exhibiting varicosities or beading in distal processes. Western blot analyses revealed that at least three phosphorylated isoforms of Hsp27 were present in the spinal cord. These results suggest that constitutively expressed Hsp27 may be related to functional subpopulations of motoneurons and primary sensory neurons.
Hyperthermic shock induces the synthesis of a novel protein (P 71 ) in many rat tissues in vivo. In incubated rat tissue slices P 71 is the major protein synthesized even though it is undetectable in the tissues of a normal, unstressed rat. P 71 is a "heat shock" protein, and it may be induced in vivo by stimuli other than hyperthermia. These results indicate that caution must be used in studies of protein synthesis in tissue explants, since the pattern of proteins synthesized by rat tissue slices is characteristic of stressed tissue.
Honey bee, Apis mellifera L., queen mandibular pheromone was applied to blocks of cranberry, Vaccinium macrocarpon Ait., and blueberry, Vaccinium corymbosum L., by helicopter and air-blast sprayer, respectively. The number of bees attracted was both dose and crop dependent. Concentrations of 100 queen equivalents (QEQ) [AI]/ha of pheromone were most effective in attracting honey bee foragers to cranberry. On blueberry, concentrations of 100 or 1,000 QEQ [AI]/ha of pheromone were attractive to bees. Concentrations of 10,000 QEQ [AI]/ha were unattractive to bees foraging on either crop. Applications of pheromone increased yield and total revenues by up to $8,804/ha on cranberry and $986/ha on blueberry. However, the pheromone was not economical to apply under all situations.
A detailed technical description of a flight and rearing room for bees is provided, highlighting improvements made relative to other facilities. A primary innovation was the development of a draft-free air handling system capable of circulating large volumes of air with high rates of fresh air exchange and continuous electrostatic cleaning. This design has lead to a dramatic improvement in the quality of air recirculated in the flight room, and has prevented the recurrence of asthmatic symptoms in researchers to bee-produced aeroallergens. Other improvements include the incorporation of high-frequency fluorescent lamp ballasts and the choice of lamp types that provide a greater proportion of long-wavelength energy. Improvements in control system technology also have permitted more precise regulation of environmental conditions and the maintenance of a simulated diurnal cycle. Honey bees foraged in a manner similar to outdoor conditions and were free of behaviors associated with design problems seen in earlier flight rooms. Observations on bee behavior and colony performance are provided, and the utility of studying chemically based foraging attractants indoors is discussed.
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