Environmental physics is a new discipline based on physics,which explores the changing rule of environmental quality,and the measures for protecting and perfecting the environment from the perspective of physics;the environmental physics includes the following branch disciplines: environmental acoustics,environmental vibration,environmental thermotics,environmental optics,environmental electromagnetism and environmental aerodynamics;strengthening the cultivation of innovative ability in environmental physics needs the scientific research on curriculum system of environmental physics and reform the teaching methods,and then puts forward the way and countermeasures of educational reform right for China's actual conditions.
The oil- and gas-bearing basins of China can be divided into four geographic areas, based on structural style. Eastern China contains the major producing fields, where oil and gas accumulations are found in combination structural-stratigraphic traps. In western China, oil and gas fields are distributed widely. Most traps are structural, with some stratigraphic controls on accumulations. The central part of China contains marine carbonate and non-marine clastic sediments, which are prolific reservoirs. These traps show transitional structural features. The continental shelf offers excellent geologic conditions and a good potential for finding oil. China is unique in the characteristics of its oil and gas basins. These include a multiple supply of source material, multicyclic deposition, multiple source-reservoir-cap-rock assemblages, and a variety of lithology and lithofacies.
A large number of in-situ measurements of cloud-precipitation microphysical properties have been made since 1960, including measurements of particle size distribution, particle concentration, and liquid water content of clouds and rain. These measurements have contributed to considerable progress in understanding microphysical processes in clouds and precipitation and significant improvements in parameterizations of cloud microphysics in numerical models. This work reviews key findings regarding cloud-precipitation microphysics over China. The total number concentrations of various particles vary significantly, with certain characteristic spatial scales. The size distributions of cloud droplets in stratiform clouds can generally be fit with gamma distributions, but the fit parameters cover a wide range. Raindrop size distributions (RSDs) associated with stratiform clouds can be fit with either exponential or gamma distributions, while RSDs associated with convective or mixed stratiform-cumuliform clouds are best fit with gamma distributions. Concentrations of ice nuclei (IN) over China are higher than those observed over other regions, and increase exponentially as temperature decreases. The particle size distributions of ice crystals, snow crystals, and hailstones sampled at a variety of locations can be reliably approximated by using exponential distributions, while aerosol particle size distributions are best described as the sum of a modified gamma distribution and a Junge power-law distribution. These results are helpful for evaluating and improving the fidelity of physical processes and hydrometeor fields simulated by microphysical parameterizations. The comprehensive summary and analysis of previous work presented here also provide useful guidelines for the design of future observational programs.
A database is established that includes microphysical properties of raindrops, cloud droplets, ice nuclei (IN), snow crystals, and the relationship between radar reflectivity (Z) and rainfall rate (R), based on the in situ data reported in the existing literature. The data coverage is divided into East Asia and the other regions (Americas, Europe, Australia, and Africa), and only the datasets obtained over land are considered. The main properties of microphysical variables over East Asia are presented and compared with those over the other regions. The main differences of the properties between those two regions are as follows. The average intercept (N0) of exponential-size distributions is much smaller over East Asia than that over the other regions and slope (λ) is slightly smaller. As for gamma-size distributions, the overall average value of intercept is much smaller over East Asia, and the range of parameters is narrower in East Asia compared with the other regions. In addition, most of the shape parameter γ are negative over East Asia, whereas positive γ appears frequently in the other regions. Compared with the other regions, the average cloud droplet concentration is much smaller in stratiform clouds over East Asia, and cloud liquid water content in East Asia is 0.114 g m−3 lower. There is a higher total mean IN concentration of 20.2 L−1 in East Asia, whereas it is 2.7 L−1 in the other regions. Compared with the other regions, the average N0 for snow-crystal-size distributions over East Asia is much smaller and λ is less than half of that. The Z-R relation shows that the average Z is larger in East Asia than that in the other regions for rains originating from convective clouds with the same R, whereas the average Z is slightly smaller in East Asia for rains originating from stratiform clouds.
The data provides the scripts and data need to produce Figures and Tables in the manuscript "The Rainfall Responses of Typhoon Soudelor (2015) to Radiative Processes of Cloud Species" submitted to Journal of Geophysical research-Atmosphere.
Abstract In this study, decadal trends of the annual amplitude of global precipitation are compared in Climate Prediction Center (CPC) Merged Analysis of Precipitation ( CMAP ), Global Precipitation Climatology Project ( GPCP ), and National Centers for Environmental Prediction ( NCEP ) reanalysis data sets. The analysis reveals decreasing trends in the CMAP and reanalysis data and a flat trend in the GPCP data. The decreasing trends are mainly associated with the increasing trend of low annual minimum precipitation rate in the CMAP data and high annual minimum precipitation rate in the reanalysis data. The trend in the GPCP data is flat because of the balance between decreasing trends along equatorial oceans and increasing trends over subtropical oceans.
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