Urinary tract infections (UTIs) are common clinical episodes during pregnancy, and uropathogens such as pathogenic E. coli accounts for a significant cause of UTI. Though antimicrobial resistance is an essential survival strategy of microorganisms, this natural phenomenon is also a public health challenge for all humanity. This is because of the growing cases of antimicrobial resistant bacteria from both the community and hospital environment that defy the antimicrobial onslaughts of some available antibiotics. It is therefore vital to update on the antibiogram of uropathogens from urine samples of pregnant women in order to guide therapy. In this study, the clean-catch mid-stream urine (MSU) samples from pregnant women in a private hospital were bacteriologically analyzed for the isolation, characterization and antibiogram of uropathogenic E. coli. Antimicrobial susceptibility studies were carried out using the modified Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion method as per the Clinical Laboratory Standard Institute (CLSI) guidelines. A total of 41 (34.2%) E. coli was isolated from the urine samples analyzed in this study. The isolated E. coli was resistant to amoxicillin, sulphamethoxazole-trimethoprim, ceftazidime, amoxicillin-clavulanic acid, ceftriaxone, ofloxacin, nitrofurantoin, aztreonam and nalidixic acid; and they were found to be multiply resistant to the tested antibiotics. Conclusively, the proper and timely detection of drug resistant bacteria from urine samples of pregnant women is necessary to guide therapy and also to prevent the emergence and spread of drug resistant bacteria in the hospital environment.
Background and Objectives: The emergence of antibiotic resistant determinant in fish farms and its spread is on the increase and has evolved into strains that are resistant to many classes of antibiotics. Thus, it is critical to identify the distribution and antibiotic resistance profile of Extended Spectrum Beta-lactamase (ESBL) producing Escherichia coli from fish farms within Abakaliki Metropolis.
Methodology: Aseptically, fifty (50) milliliters of fishpond water was collected from twenty locations in fifteen (15) fish farms and were analyze using standard microbiological culture and identification of Escherichia coli. Detection of phenotypic extended spectrum β-lactamases production was performed using Double-Disk Synergy Test (DDST). Antibiotic susceptibility studies of extended spectrum β-lactamases producing Escherichia coli was determined using the Kirby–Bauer disk diffusion method and the results were construed using the Clinical Laboratory Standard Institute (CLSI) zone diameter breakpoints.
Results: Extended spectrum beta-lactamase producing Escherichia coli distribution from fishpond water revealed overall occurrence rate of 34(11.3 %). The proportion of ESBL producing Escherichia coli was 5(25.0 %) from fish farm L followed by Farm A, Farm E, Farm G, which both accounted for 20.0 % respectively while the least occurrence of 1(5.0 %) was recorded against Farm I. ESBL-producing E. coli were resistant to cephalosporin particularly Ceftriaxone (88.2%), Ceftazidime (91.2 %), Cefotaxime (94.1) and Cefepime (85.3 %). This was followed by Amoxicillin-Clavulanate (91. 2 %), Azetronam (97.1 %). In all, Ciprofloxacin (82.4 %), Imipenem (97.1 %), and Meropenem (100 %) were the most effective antibiotic against ESBL-producing E. coli isolate.
Conclusion: This study reveals the prevalence of the ESBL phenotype in fish farms. The increasing prevalence of resistance to routinely used antibiotics in medical and veterinary therapies among the study isolates from aquaculture products poses a significant challenge to the treatment of human and animal diseases. As a result, adequate antibiotic intervention is essential to ensure the continued efficacy of antibiotics for aquaculture and human health, as well as the industry's viability.
This study seeks to determine the feacal carriage of extended spectrum beta-lactamase and fluoroquinolone resistant non-typhoidal Salmonella enterica isolates from food-producing animals and humans. A total of three hundred (300) fecal samples were collected using sterile universal containers from food-producing animals namely (Chicken [100], Pig [100] and humans (100) from Onicha Local Government Area of Ebonyi State and analyzed for the presence of non-typhoidal Salmonella enterica using standard microbiological techniques. Phenotypic detection of extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL) were done by disc diffusion and Double Disk Synergy Test. Molecular characterization for ESBL and fluoroquinolone-resistant genes were done by PCR with specific primers. The result shows that non-typhoidal Salmonella species (NTS) accounted for 25 % and 17 % in poultry and pig fecal sample respectively while 60 % and 40% were phenotypic ESBL producers respectively. When compared statistically there is significant difference among isolates confirmed ESBL-positive (P˂ 0.05). Also, none of the 16 (58 %) NTS isolated from humans harbored ESBL phenotype. PCR analysis with β-lactam specific primer detected the presence of blaOXA 50 % and 50 %, blaSHV 36 %, and 64 %, blaTEM 43 % and 57 %, blaCTX-M 36 % and 64 % in poultry and pig respectively. Fluoroquinolone resistant gene QnrA was present in 0 and 100 % of poultry and pig respectively. QnrB was 40 % and 60 % in poultry and pig isolates respectively. QnrS was present in 64 % isolates of poultry and 13 % isolates in pig. The high prevalence of genes encoding beta-lactamases and fluoroquinolone resistance (TEM, SHV, CTX-M and OXA, (qnrA, qnrB and qnrS) were present more in poultry and pig than in humans and demonstrate a significant public health threat from consumption of food-producing animal harboring such pathogenic resistant genotype if not properly controlled.
Keywords: Extended spectrum beta-lactamase, Fluoroquinolone, non-typhoidal Salmonella enterica, feacal carriage
The emergence of resistance to the frequent use of empirical treatment of uncomplicated enteric fever caused by Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi is on the increase. This study was designed to determine the antimicrobial Resistance profile of Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi isolated from human clinical samples in Ebonyi State. A non-duplicated stool culture of Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi of patients diagnosed with typhoid fever at General Hospital Onicha Igboeze were collected from the hospital ward namely: A & E (n = 4), MS (n = 3), FS (n = 3), PD (n = 7), LW (n = 4), ORT (n = 1), LAB (n = 17), THE (n = 9), GOPD (n = 4), MM (n = 3). Antimicrobial studies of Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi were determined using the Kirby–Bauer disk diffusion method. The proportion of resistance ranges from 33 %-100% against colistin, cefepime, nalidixic acid, cefoxitin, amikacin, cefuroxime, and piperacillin-tazobactam but isolates were only susceptible to meropenem 100%. The use of antimicrobial agents for the treatment of Salmonella enterica serovar typhi infection should be guided with antimicrobial susceptibility testing, Nonetheless, the diversity of the Salmonella isolates as a result of the dissemination of these resistant genes is a call for concern and emphasizes a need for an extensive investigation for the presence of these genes in Ebonyi State as well as the implementation of strict antimicrobial policies in a bid to restrict the spread of these resistance genes and prevent the emergence of new resistant strains.
Objective: This study evaluated the occurrence and antimicrobial susceptibility profile of Salmonella species isolated from various poultry products including chicken meat, poultry eggs, poultry bird’s drinking water, and poultry feed. Materials and methods: A total of 79 samples comprising of chicken meat (n=20), egg shell (n=15), poultry egg contents (n=18), drinking water (n=14), and poultry feed (n=12) were bacteriologically and microscopically analyzed for the isolation of Salmonella species. Results: Overall, this study reported a high prevalence of Salmonella species (62%) from various poultry products especially in poultry (chicken) meat and poultry egg contents where the percentage occurrence of Salmonella species was 100% and 20.4% respectively. The antibiogram conducted on the Salmonella species isolated from the various poultry samples reveal that all the isolates were multi-drug resistant to more than 50% of the tested antibiotics especially to tetracycline, gentamicin, tobramycin, nitrofurantoin and imipenem. However, most of the Salmonella species were also found to be highly susceptible to ceftriaxone, cefotaxime, ertapenem and ceftazidime. It was also observed in this study that the highest level of resistance to the tested antibiotics was recorded in Salmonella species isolated from poultry meat samples. Conclusion: Salmonellosis due to the consumption of contaminated or infected poultry products could pose serious public health problem to the general public if allowed. Thus, poultry farms and other poultry product outlets should be operated under sanitized conditions that ward-off the incidence of foodborne pathogens such as Salmonella . The use of antibiotics as growth promoting agents and prophylaxis in the production of poultry birds in this region should be discouraged – since such practices allowed drug-resistant bacteria to emerge and spread in the community. http://doi.org/10.5455/javar.2016.c-172
Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) occurs when microorganisms fail to respond to the therapeutic onslaught of antibiotics. Extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL) and AmpC enzymes are important AMR mechanisms that erode the efficacy of important antibiotics. Here, we report on the detection and susceptibility of ESBL- and AmpC-producing bacteria from livestock and poultry environments. Bacteriological and molecular biology tools were used for the isolation and characterization of bacteria. Combined
Background: Borehole water (groundwater) is the predominant source of water by the inhabitants of Abakaliki metropolis and it is generally considered a safe source of drinking water by the populace. This study was therefore, designed to assess the physicochemical and microbiological quality of borehole water samples in Abakaliki, Ebonyi State, Nigeria.Methods: A total of twenty-five (25) water samples were collected from five (5) different locations (designated as point A, B, C, D and E) in Abakaliki and the temperature readings were taken at the site of collection. The physico-chemical parameters (turbidity, pH, total hardness, dissolved oxygen, electrical conductivity, phosphates, sulphates), microbiological and metal content were determined using standard techniques. Furthermore, the pathogens isolated were subjected to antibiotics susceptibility testing using disc diffusion method.Results: The results of the microbiological study revealed that the bacterial pathogens isolated in this study include E. coli (40%), Staphylococcus aureus (32%), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (16%) and Klebsiella spp (12%). The borehole water was of low turbidity, colourless, odourless, and with ambient temperature. The values of the bacteria counts were 2.4x104 cfu/ml for bacteria pathogen isolated from location A, 2.3x103 cfu/ml for location B and location C, 2.1x104 cfu/ml for location E and 1.0x104 cfu/ml for location D. Antibiotic susceptibility studies showed that all isolated bacteria pathogens were highly resistant to most of the tested antibiotic especially nalidixic acid, ciprofloxacin, gentamicin, cefoxitin, sulphamethoxazole-trimethoprim, tobramycin, ofloxacin and erythromycin.Conclusions: Findings from our study revealed that the borehole water analyzed within Abakaliki metropolis contained bacteria that are of public health importance including E. coli, S. aureus, P. aeruginosa and Klebsiella spp. The physical and chemical parameters of the water samples were found to be within the maximum accepted limits for drinking water with optimal physical and chemical properties. It was also discovered in this study that the isolated bacteria showed reduced susceptibility to some conventional antibiotics. It is therefore recommended that periodic assessment of the physicochemical and microbiological properties of borehole water in this area be carried out on water sources for public use in order to avoid the outbreak of some waterborne infections amongst the populace.
Pseudomonas aeruginosa is one of the most life-threatening pathogens, especially in healthcare settings, and a main contributor to multi-drug resistance (MDR), extensive-drug resistance (XDR), and pan-drug resistant (PDR) phenotypes. However, there is limited data on the degree of resistance of these isolates in this region. This study seeks to determine the distribution of MDR, XDR, and PDR Pseudomonas aeruginosa strains from different patient groups. A total of five hundred (500) non-duplicated strains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa of human clinical samples were collected from the Microbiology Laboratory Unit of Alex Ekwueme Teaching Hospital Abakaliki. The isolates were identified and re-characterized by standard microbiology techniques. MDR, XDR, and PDR were determined using the Kirby–Bauer disk diffusion method, and the results were analyzed using the Clinical Laboratory Standard Institute (CLSI) zone diameter breakpoints. The result shows that the overall resistant phenotype was MDR 50. 7%, XDR 20.5%, and PDR 9.6% while in samples from in-patients and out-patients, resistant phenotype proportions were MDR 43.2%, XDR 32.4%, PDR 10.1% and MDR 61.2%, XDR 29.7%, and PDR 18.5% respectively. Worrisomely, only a few tested antimicrobial agents (Amikacin, cefepime) were active against the test organism, presenting a limited therapeutic option. It is therefore imperative to establish strong regulative measures and guidelines that would help in curtailing the increasing dissemination of these superbugs in healthcare institutions in Nigeria.
Patient’s demographic data were obtained from a well-structured questionnaire administered before sample collection. A total of two hundred (200) early morning mid-stream urine samples were collected from pregnant women attending Mile 4 hospital to determine the prevalence of UTIs among pregnant women. The collected samples were analysis using Standard Microbiology protocol for isolation and identification of uropathogens. Antibiogram studies of uropathogens were determined using the Kirby–Bauer disk diffusion method and the results were analyzed and were compared with the Clinical Laboratory Standard Institute (CLSI) zone diameter breakpoints. Results of isolation and characterization revealed an overall occurrence rate of 68(34.0%) bacteria consisting of a high distribution of E. coli 27(13.5%) followed by S. aureus 22 (11.0%) and Klebsiella pneumoniae 19 (9.5%). Socio-demographic data of patients revealed that those aged 42-49 years had a high frequency of bacteria 7(70.0%) followed by those aged 34-41 years 50.0%, 18-25 years 31.1% while those aged 26-33 year had the least isolation rate of 26.3%. The occurrence of UTI was highly predominant among patients with no formal level of Education 24(64.9%) than those with formal level of education 17(26.9%). The result of antibiogram studies shows that the isolates exhibited a high percentage of resistance to colistin 100%, azetronam 100% clindamycin 100%, and tetracycline 77.3% but were 92.6%-100% susceptible to cefoxitin, imipenem and amikacin. However, with substantial evidence in this study, cefoxitin, imipenem, and amikacin as drugs of choice could be used for the treatment of UTI, and further studies should be conducted by using highly sensitive and specific techniques such as Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR), which is the technique used to make numerous copies of a specific segment of the deoxyribonucleic acid quickly and accurately, including genotypic characterization of resistant determinant in bacteria causing UTI among pregnant patients in a larger sample size.
beta-lactamase-producing bacteria, especially extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL) producers have strong clinical relevance and have been implicated in chronic suppurative otitis media (CSOM) treatment failures. This study aimed to determine the frequency, antibiogram, and molecular characteristics of ESBL-producing gram-negative bacterial (GNB) pathogens isolated from patients with CSOM.
