Gasoline engines have an even greater resource for optimization. New fuels composition should be corresponded with modern engine technologies requirements. One of these requirements is introducing merit function to assess the advantages of new motor gasoline formulations, regarding their anticipated influence on performance for future engines. This paper addresses producing new recipes of environmentally friendly high octane gasoline fuel grades RONs 92 and 95. In addition, preliminary mathematical digital model for evaluating a comprehensive merit function of automotive gasoline for new proposed fuel motor compositions was developed to improve gasoline efficiency and reduce diminish emissions when operating on gasoline engines at various designs. Physical and chemical of these new gasoline recipes were investigated in accordance with standard test methods regulations. The vast expertise of this work laboratory has obviously reported that fuel compositions samples contained the following concentrations by weight percentages, i.e., light condensate naphtha - 46-56, isopentane fraction - up to 4, aromatic components - up to 20, MTBE - 14-15, isoolefins hydrocarbons - 15-16, and isooctane - up to 20. The key hypothesis of the merit function was improved gasoline efficiency and reduce diminish emissions when operating on gasoline engines at various designs. The results reported that the calculated values obtained for the developed compositions turned out to be slightly higher than for baseline gasolines, which mean that the proposed gasoline composition was more efficient when operating on an engine of this design.
The use of ethanol as a component of motor gasolines is an extremely effective way to increase the detonation resistance and environmental properties. In Russia, despite the existing prerequisites for the development of bioethanol industry, the real production of bioethanol is not carried out, which is associated with its high price. One of the promising ways of leveling this drawback is the use of water-cut waste from its production, including ethyl alcohol impurity concentrate (EAIC) instead of pure ethanol. This is a mixture of head and bottoms fractions obtained in the process of ethyl alcohol purification by distillation. This article studies the effect of the nature of hydrocarbon fraction mixed with EAIC on the final properties of E85 fuel and, in particular, on its phase stability and Reid vapor pressure. Physicochemical properties of the developed fuel composition were investigated. The results demonstrated that none of the possible classes of hydrocarbons could effectively solve the problems of phase stability and volatility of E85 fuel. Besides, methyl tert-butyl ether (MTBE) was the only promising component. The composition, consisting of 70% EAIC and 30% MTBE, met the requirements of ASTM 5798 in almost all respects. A significant discrepancy is observed only in the water content, which is compensated by the high phase stability of the composition at low temperatures. In addition, this fuel composition is characterized by high potential competitiveness in Russian conditions and without fiscal support, which was proved by preliminary calculations of the cost of E85 fuel.
Abstract Currently, monoglycerides (MG) are produced using a complicated energy intensive technology that contributes negatively toward greenhouse gas mitigation. This work suggests a cleaner and simpler one-step enzymatic production of α -monolaurin in an inert membrane reactor, where the reaction and enzyme separation are conducted simultaneously in one unit. Candida antarctica lipase (Lipozyme 435) was used to catalyze the esterification reaction between lauric acid and glycerin in a solvent-free system under mild temperatures. Response surface methodology was used to optimize the reaction conditions. The optimal conditions were a molecular sieve of 14.85% w/w, a temperature of 56.95°C, an enzyme amount of 5.38% w/w, and a molar ratio of 4.75% w/w. The gas chromatography (GC) analysis showed that the α-monolaurin percentage was 49.5% when the enzymatic process (ENZ) was used. The conventional chemical (CHEM) and autocatalytic (AUT) esterification methods were also performed to study their proportional MG yields. The GC results showed the MG percentages of 43.9% and 41.7% for CHEM and AUT, respectively. Economic analysis was also conducted for the suggested enzymatic technique, and the findings were compared with those of the CHEM and AUT technologies. Using a plant capacity of 4950 t/year and 11% interest for the proposed ENZ process, the total capital investment of α-monolaurin production was preferably four times less than that of the CHEM process and three times less than that of the AUT method, presenting investment possibilities. However, the ENZ process showed the least profitability (net profit per day) among the three processes. Nevertheless, the return on investment and net present value for the ENZ process were preferably higher than those of CHEM and AUT because of its interestingly lower inside battery limit plant cost and less energy consumption. The AUT/CHEM processes generated a total carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) exhaust of t CO 2 678.7 eq./year. In contrast, the ENZ process exhausted a total CO 2 of only 50 t CO 2 eq./year. The present integrated techno-economic and environmental study of α-monolaurin production emphasizes the green and cost benefits of the proposed ENZ technology.
High concentrations of isoolefinic hydrocarbons can adversely affect the physical, chemical, mechanical, and ecological characteristics of gasoline fuels. One of the solutions to reduce olefin contents is the utilization of the methoxylation process. The current paper declares a perspective toward a gasoline-component-first technique, revealing an innovative high-octane additive on the basis of isoolefinic components, like isohexene. The olefin content of isohexene was 94% volumetrically. This affected the chemical oxidation under atmospheric conditions. Several gasoline fuels and experimental facilities that match European and Russian requirements were used to execute the recent work. The objective of the methoxylation process is to enhance the chemical oxidation fuels to raise the portion of aliphatic hydrocarbon isomers, to decrease unwanted olefin content, as well as to generate high-octane motor ethers as gasoline octane boosters. The product can be defined as methyl ester of isohexene (MEIH). Various MEIH blends have been measured with other gasoline octane boosters and refinery products. The results proved that antidetonation properties of MEIH were higher than those of base gasolines, tertiary amyl methyl ether (TAME), and isohexene and approximately equal to that of methyl tertiary butyl ether (MTBE). Additionally, the results of the calculated MEIH mixing octane rating were from 104.3 to 131.5 for the research method and from 87.5 to 120.0 for the motor method. Likewise, the olefin content of MEIH was 74.2% when the methoxylation process was applied for isohexene. The oxygen content of MEIH was 3.3 wt %, with no oxygen content in the sample of isohexene. Those have been done thanks to the utilization of the methoxylation process of isohexene. Finally, MEIH provided an individual perspective as a liquid transportation fuel with merits over isohexene, in terms of antidetonation properties, olefin contents, as well as a distillation characteristic range.
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