Manganese oxides (MnO2) are widely utilized in arsenic(AsIII)-contaminated water system remediation; however, As(III) oxidation is greatly affected by co-occurring substances. This study discusses the oxidation pathways of As(III) oxidation-adsorption in presence of co-solutes (e.g., Mn(II), Fe(II), and 2,4-dichlorophenol (DCP). Mn(II) species competed with As(III) for adsorption and oxidation sites at MnO2 surface, resulting in a decrease in As(III) removal. As(III) oxidation in Mn(II) and Mn(II)/MnO2 systems was primarily occurred via electron-transfer with Mn(III) intermediate, however, Mn(III) species were rapidly oxidized into the less reactive oxidant Mn(IV). In the presence of DCP, As(III) oxidation was enhanced due to stabilization of Mn(III) species by complexation with DCP. Fe(II) enhanced the adsorption of Arsenic and DCP by MnO2, as Fe-(hydr)oxides formed, creating extra adsorption sites on MnO2. Three DCP byproducts were identified by means of LC/MS analysis in the Mn(II)/MnO2-DCP system, with reaction As(III) oxidation pathways are proposed. The enhanced As(III) oxidation by Mn(II)/MnO2 system, in presence of DCP resulted due to a series of chemical reactions with hydroxyl and phenolic radicals generated in system, in addition to electron transfer with DCP-Mn(III) complexes. These results provide new insights into the environmental behavior of As(III) within mixed water systems containing metals (Mn/Fe) and phenolics.
Abstract Artemisia argyi is a critical medical plant in China, containing high levels of essential oils and flavone, and has been used to maintain health and well-being. MYB transcription factors are the largest gene family in plants and are widely reported to play important roles in development, metabolism, defense, and stress resistance. However, the MYB family of Artemisia argyi has not been systematically examined. In our study, we characterized 227 AYMYB transcription factors from Artemisia argyi genome data, containing 22 AY1R-MYB, 165 AYR2R3-MYB, 16 AY3R-MYB, 5 AY4R-MYB, and 19 Atypical AYMYB members. Protein molecular characteristics, prediction of subcellular localization, and chromosomal localization were accomplished using various bioinformatics tools. Collinearity analysis revealed that duplication events might greatly contribute to the MYB gene family expansion. The protein motifs, conserved domains, and gene structures of AYMYBs were identified, indicating that most AYMYB genes had similar gene distribution, which clustered in the same group that might have similar functions throughout these gene members. Cis-acting elements and GO analysis identified that AYMYBs participate in many biological processes associated with development, metabolism, defense, and stress resistance. Moreover, transcriptomic data elucidated that MYB genes were widely distributed across various tissues and development stages and highly expressed under MeJA treatment. The quantitative real-time qRT-PCR characterized the expression patterns that were aligned with the transcriptomic data, confirming the reliability of the data. Our research offers useful information for subsequent functional analysis of the MYB gene family in Artemisia argyi.
Global economic integration has provided a favorable economic environment and development momentum for the international market. Major industries, including the retail industry, are aware of the limitations of the development space in their own countries and have been seeking international development to achieve competitiveness. In this context, Metro AG has also started to go global from its home country. The main object of this report is Metro Mall, the purpose of this report is to understand Metro Mall and its globalization process, to analyze and evaluate Metro's value creation strategy, and finally to make its own recommendations for the future development of Metro Mall.
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