Solid-liquid redistribution and degradation of antibiotics during hydrothermal treatment of sewage sludge: Interaction between biopolymers and antibiotics
Siying CaiXinyu ZhangShuaiyu ChenSainan PengT. SunYu ZhangPeng YangHongxiang ChaiDongsheng WangWeijun Zhang
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Sewage sludge
In the first part of the study,the concentration of oxytetracycline in broiler chicken feces was examined after administration of different oral dosages of oxytetracycline by HPLC(high performance liquid chromatography).In the second part of the study,the degradability of oxytetracycline in sterilized chicken feces was tested under photophobic or illumination condition.In the third part of the study,the degradability of oxytetracycline in chicken feces was tested under different microbial conditions without illumination.The results were as follows.After feed medication in healthy broiler chicken,oxytetracycline was excreted in feces as the parent compound.When the dosage of feed medication was 100 mg·kg-1,200 mg·kg-1 and 400 mg·kg-1 feed,the concentration of oxytetracycline in chicken feces reached the peak at the 6th～8th hour after administration,with a peak concentration of 13.58 mg·kg-1,36.15 mg·kg-1 and 50.73 mg·kg-1 respectively.Oxytetracycline was undetectable at the 30th,62nd and 72nd hour after administration,respectively.The degradation process of oxytetracycline in chicken feces could be evaluated on the basis of the first order kinetics equation as Ct=C0 e-kt.The degradation of oxytetracycline in sterilized chicken feces was affected by illumination and the initial concentration of oxytetracycline.When the initial concentration of oxytetracycline was 10 mg·kg-1,20 mg·kg-1 and 40 mg·kg-1,the half-life of oxytetracycline in sterilized chicken feces was 55.5 d,123.8 d and 173.3 d respectively under photophobic condition and was 14.8 d,21.1 d and 27.5 d under illumination condition.Under photophobic condition,the degradability of oxytetracycline in chicken feces was affected by microbes and the initial concentration of oxytetracycline.When the initial concentration of oxytetracycline was 10 mg·kg-1,20 mg·kg-1 and 40 mg·kg-1,the half-life of oxytetracycline in chicken feces was 78.7 d,103.4 d and 157.5 d respectively with sterilized treatment,and was 40.5 d,50.6 d and 97.6 d respectively with unsterilized treatment,and was 14.5 d,33.6 d and 51.3 d respectively with added degrading bacteria treatment.Furthermore,in the second and third part of the study,the rate of oxytetracycline degradation increased when its initial concentration decreased under the same condition.
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Chlortetracycline
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The distribution of oxytetracycline hydrochloride in two batches of 4,000 kg of pig-rearing pellets (400 ppm) was studied. The stability of oxytetracycline in this feed was also determined. The concentration of oxytetracycline in the feed was determined by high pressure liquid chromatography. The premix contained more oxytetracycline (27 per cent) than the proportion stated. The results show that the first 1,000 kg of feed contained less (350 mg/kg) oxytetracycline than the other 7,000 kg (435 mg/kg). After producing 8,000 kg of feed with oxytetracycline, 4,000 kg of feed not containing oxytetracycline was produced. Still, this feed was found to contain 13 mg/kg of oxytetracycline. When the feed was stored for 150 days at a temperature of from 1 to 2 degrees C and again for 270 days at 20 to 25 degrees C, it contained 86.5 per cent of the oxytetracycline present after production of the feed.
Animal Feed
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A commercial formulation of chloramphenicol and oxytetracycline was administered to dairy cows and bullocks by the intramuscular route. Concentrations of drugs were determined in milk and edible tissues by high-performance liquid chromatographic and microbiological methods. The data allowed the calculation of withdrawal times for milk (4 and 17 milkings for chloramphenicol and oxytetracycline, respectively) and for tissues (35 days for chloramphenicol, more than 35 days for oxytetracycline, depending on the levels at the injection sites). Hence oxytetracycline residues were the most persistent in these types of foods, according to our dosage scheme.
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Full scale
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Antibiotics have been successfully used for the control of several plant diseases for many years. Recently, streptomycin and oxytetracycline have been approved for the treatment of Huanglongbing (HLB) in Florida. The enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) is the most commonly used assay for the detection of these antibiotics because it is quick, simple, and can be used to analyze many samples at the same time. However, ELISA can react with the metabolites of the parent compound and its structurally related compounds. In this study, we investigated the cross-reactivity of the oxytetracycline ACCEL ELISA kitTM with three of oxytetracycline metabolites (4-epi-oxytetracycline, α-apo-oxytetracycline, and β-apo-oxytetracycline). The α-apo-oxytetracycline and β-apo-oxytetracycline metabolite did not show any cross-reactivity in the linear range (1.5–50 ng mL−1) of the assay. Whereas 4-epi-oxytetracycline showed high cross-reactivity, and its response was similar to oxytetracycline. Our results indicated that the oxytetracycline ELISA kits estimate the level of oxytetracycline as well as its main metabolite, 4-epi-oxytetracycline.
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Eggs laid by laying hens administered oxytetracycline via drinking water with dose 2 g/l for 7 consecutive
days were evaluated their oxytetracycline residues and antibacterial activity on the 2 nd , 4 th , 6 th day of
administering and the 2 nd , 7 th , 14 th day of stopping. The results indicated that oxytetracycline residues and
their antibacterial activity had been found in egg shells and eggs, white since 2 nd day of administering, whereas
in yolks since the 4 th day. The residues were still found both in eggs, white and yolks at concentration of 0.01
ppm on the 7 th day of stopping oxytetracycline administration. The oxytetracycline residues concentration of
0.01 ppm were under permitted maximum residue limit, however there still showed antibacterial activity in
eggs white, while there were no antibacterial activity in yolks. Eggs had been free from oxytetracycline
residues and their antibacterial activity on the 14 th day of stopping oxytetracycline administration to hens.
Keywords : oxytetracycline, hen, egg, residue, antibacterial activity
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Oxiteraciclines are antibiotics widely used in the treatment of cattle against many infections caused by deferent gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria.This research was focused on qualitative and quantitative detection of oxytetracycline residues in cow’s milk produced in different rural areas of Tetovo in Macedonia. 138 milk samples were collected from 60 milking cows’ farms and are checked for oxytetracycline residues using qualitative ELISA test. From this control are found positive samples in 5, 8% (8/138) of milk samples. All positive samples are confirmed were by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method in Institute of Food Safety and Veterinary in Tirana. Analytical control carried out using HPLC resulted that only 6 /138 or 4.3% were positive for oxytetracycline residues. This evaluation of oxytetracycline residues with HPLC was carried out confirming following: 90ug/l, 180ug/l, 200ug/l, 4000 ug/l, 1600 ug/l and 1400ug/l (ppb) Al positive results are confirming treatment of milking cows with high doses of oxytetracycline so the level of oxytetracycline in the cow’s milk remain problematic. Keywords: oxytetracycline, cow, milk, Macedonia.
Milking
Chlortetracycline
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The intestinal characteristics of broiler chicks fed Oxytetracycline powder in feed at 0.05g/kg for 2, 4, 6 or 8 weeks were studied. The control group received Oxytetracycline free feed daily throughout the 8 weeks of the experiment. The results showed that the mean diameter of the small intestines reduced significantly (P< 0.01) in chicks fed with the drug when compared with the control. There was also a significant increase (P< 0.05) in the thickness of the intestinal wall in chicks fed Oxytetracycline for 6 weeks compared with other treatments and the control. The effects of dietary Oxytetracycline on the length of intestines were inconsistent. The results also indicated that dietary Oxytetracycline had no effect on the weight of the intestines. Birds that were fed with diet containing Oxytetracycline for 4 weeks had the highest numeric weight gain. Key words : Chicken, Feed, Oxytetracycline, Intestine
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This paper presents the application of the Quantitative Feedback Theory (QFT) method to a wastewater treatment plant with activated sludge. The control strategy contains two control loops, with different dynamics, the controlled variables being the dissolved oxygen in the aerobic tank and the nitrate concentration in the effluent. The control strategy was validated on a ASM1 based wastewater treatment plant implemented in SIMBA® and considering a time-varying profile of the influent both in terms of the flow and the concentrations of wastewater compounds.
Activated sludge model
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