O ensino médico passou por uma série de transformações ao longo das últimas décadas. As mudanças curriculares, cada vez mais, requerem profissionais capacitados na integração e manuseio dos novos recursos. Estas alterações no modo de educar, ensinar e instruir são necessárias para formação completa dos estudantes de medicina, visto que a tecnologia está promovendo grandes avanços na área médica. Hoje, um dos maiores desafios do curso de Medicina, que demanda atenção dos docentes, é a preparação dos alunos para uma prescrição consciente, principalmente com relação aos antimicrobianos, visto que erros podem levar a resistência antimicrobiana e até mesmo a prejuízos para os pacientes. Diante disso, o presente estudo tem como objetivo desenvolver um manual sobre antibioticoterapia de fácil manuseio e de leitura acessível para auxiliar o ensino. Após a elaboração do material em diversas etapas, realizado o estudo com uma turma de alunos de medicina que cursavam a disciplina de infectologia. O número total de participantes foi de 102 alunos, onde um grupo selecionado randomicamente obteve acesso ao manual antes da aplicação de uma prova objetiva 16,66% (N=17). A taxa de acertos das questões no grupo de alunos que não acessou o manual foi de 52,07% e no grupo com acesso foi 89,80%, diferença de 37,73%. Conclui-se que é essencial a introdução das metodologias digitais como alternativas de estudo, principalmente atualmente, nos quais as tecnologias são parte da vida dos indivíduos. Dessa forma, o ensino na saúde não poderia ficar fora desse contexto, necessitando evoluir junto ao mundo pós-moderno globalizado.
Background: Candida albicans, an important pathogen for humans and animals, shares phenotypic features with Candida dubliniensis, leading to misidentification. Thus, the goal of this study was to apply a combination of phenotypic tests for the differentiation of these cryptic species. Methods and findings: Thirty-seven azole-resistant C. albicans from animals and 03 C. dubliniensis from humans were included in this study. Purity of strains was evaluated on CHROMagar Candida™, on which both species present green colonies. Then, phenotypic characterization was performed based on the growth pattern on sunflower seed agar, where C. albicans presents smooth colonies and C. dubliniensis presents rough colonies, and esterase production on Tween 80™ agar, which is positive for C. albicans, forming an opacification zone, and negative for C. dubliniensis. Molecular differentiation was performed with primers CALF/CALR for the amplification of ITS1/ITS2 regions of rDNA, yielding an amplicon of 100 bp for C. albicans, but not for C. dubliniensis. Of the 37 C. albicans, 35 showed green colonies on CHROMagar Candida Medium™, 36 presented smooth colonies on sunflower seed agar, while 34 showed an opacification zone on Tween 80™ agar. PCR yielded 100-bp-amplicons for all 37 C. albicans strains, confirming their identification. Control strains of C. dubliniensis showed the expected phenotypic features and amplicons were not obtained for the specific PCR reaction. Conclusions: The phenotypic methods used were not absolutely effective, however, the combined observation of smooth colonies on sunflower seed agar with an opacification zone on Tween 80™ agar leads to a reliable presumptive phenotypic identification of C. albicans.
A histoplasmose é uma doença fúngica causada pela inalação de esporos de Histoplasma capsulatum. A maioria dos indivíduos normais não apresenta doença após pequena inalação, porém exposições mais prolongadas podem levar ao desenvolvimento de infecção pulmonar aguda, crônica ou disseminada. Nos pacientes imunocomprometidos a infecção é disseminada e grave. Relatamos o caso de um paciente de treze anos, imunocompetente, com febre, tosse seca e dispnéia progressiva havia dois meses. O radiograma e a tomografia computadorizada de tórax evidenciavam infiltrado intersticial com micronódulos difusos. O paciente relatava contato intenso com pássaros em sua residência. Foi submetido a biópsia pulmonar a céu aberto, que evidenciou Histoplasma capsulatum em tecido pulmonar. A cultura do fragmento da biópsia confirmou a presença de Histoplasma capsulatum sp. O paciente foi tratado com anfotericina-B por 28 dias, seguida de itraconazol por seis meses, com resolução do quadro.
The antifungal activity of some statins against different fungal species has been reported. Thus, at the first moment, the in vitro antifungal activity of simvastatin, atorvastatin and pravastatin was tested against Candida spp. and Cryptococcus spp. Then, in a second approach, considering that the best results were obtained for simvastatin, this drug was evaluated in combination with antifungal drugs against planktonic growth and tested against biofilms of Candida spp. and Cryptococcus spp. Drug susceptibility testing was performed using the microdilution broth method, as described by the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute. The interaction between simvastatin and antifungals against planktonic cells was analyzed by calculating the fractional inhibitory concentration index. Regarding biofilm susceptibility, simvastatin was tested against growing biofilm and mature biofilm of one strain of each tested yeast species. Simvastatin showed inhibitory effect against Candida spp. and Cryptococcus spp. with minimum inhibitory concentration values ranging from 15.6 to 1000 mg L−1 and from 62.5 to 1000 mg L−1, respectively. The combination of simvastatin with itraconazole and fluconazole showed synergism against Candida spp. and Cryptococcus spp., while the combination of simvastatin with amphotericin B was synergistic only against Cryptococcus spp. Concerning the biofilm assays, simvastatin was able to inhibit both growing biofilm and mature biofilm of Candida spp. and Cryptococcus spp. The present study showed that simvastatin inhibits planktonic cells and biofilms of Candida and Cryptococcus species.
Objective : Understand whether the collection site (toothless or toothless) influences the frequency of bacteria in the oral cavity. It was performed as an observational, prospective, and cross-sectional study. Methods : Clinical samples of the oral surfaces of the teeth and/or cheek mucosa were collected in the oral cavity of 37 patients who underwent elective cardiac surgery in the preoperative period from May to July 2019. The clinical samples collected were subjected to identification of colonies and antimicrobial sensitivity tests. Results : It was observed that regardless of whether the collection site is toothless or toothless, the microbial profile, socio-demographic variables, comorbidities, and risk factors do not statistically influence the choice of the collection site. Conclusions : there wasn’t statistical difference between the strains found at the collection sites. Practical Implications: the result found is relevant for other researchers that will work with oral cavity collections since the chosen collection site will not influence the frequency of strains found.
O ensino médico passou por uma série de transformações ao longo das últimas décadas. As mudanças curriculares, cada vez mais, requerem profissionais capacitados na integração e manuseio dos novos recursos. Estas alterações no modo de educar, ensinar e instruir são necessárias para formação completa dos estudantes de medicina, visto que a tecnologia está promovendo grandes avanços na área médica. Hoje, um dos maiores desafios do curso de Medicina, que demanda atenção dos docentes, é a preparação dos alunos para uma prescrição consciente, principalmente com relação aos antimicrobianos, visto que erros podem levar a resistência antimicrobiana e até mesmo a prejuízos para os pacientes. Diante disso, o presente estudo tem como objetivo desenvolver um e-book de fácil manuseio e de leitura acessível para auxiliar o ensino da antibioticoterapia. Finalizada a elaboração do material, este foi disponibilizado para um grupo de alunos de uma mesma turma do curso de medicina. Posteriormente, uma prova foi aplicada a todos os alunos desta mesma turma. O número total de participantes do estudo foi de 102 alunos, dos quais 83,33% (N=85) não tiveram acesso ao e-book. A taxa de acertos das questões no grupo de alunos que não tiveram acesso ao e-book foi 52,07% e no grupo que teve acesso ao E-book foi 89,80%, diferença de 37,73%, variando de 1,18% a 67,06%. Portanto, conclui-se que é essencial a introdução das metodologias digitais como alternativas para auxiliar o estudo dos alunos.
Visceral leishmaniasis (VL) in transplant patients is a serious disease, with atypical and aggressive manifestations, compromising patient survival. During the period from 2008 to 2012, 126 heart transplants were performed in the state of Ceará, Brazil, of which, two patients developed VL. Fever, pancytopenia and hepatosplenomegaly were the common clinical signs. Both patients were diagnosed and properly treated, but the first one had a clinical relapse and died, five months after treatment. These findings emphasize the importance of investigating VL in heart-transplant patients in endemic areas and highlight the importance of early diagnosis and treatment for favorable clinical outcomes.
In recent years, the search for drugs to treat systemic and opportunistic mycoses has attracted great interest from the scientific community. This study evaluated the in vitro inhibitory effect of the antituberculosis drugs isoniazid and ethionamide alone and combined with itraconazole and fluconazole against biofilms of Cryptococcus neoformans and Cryptococcus gattii. Antimicrobials were tested at defined concentrations after susceptibility assays with Cryptococcus planktonic cells. In addition, we investigated the synergistic interaction of antituberculosis drugs and azole derivatives against Cryptococcus planktonic cells, as well as the influence of isoniazid and ethionamide on ergosterol content and cell membrane permeability. Isoniazid and ethionamide inhibited both biofilm formation and viability of mature biofilms. Combinations formed by antituberculosis drugs and azoles proved synergic against both planktonic and sessile cells, showing an ability to reduce Cryptococcus biofilms by approximately 50%. Furthermore, isoniazid and ethionamide reduced the content of ergosterol in Cryptococcus spp. planktonic cells and destabilized or permeabilized the fungal cell membrane, leading to leakage of macromolecules. Owing to the paucity of drugs able to inhibit Cryptococcus biofilms, we believe that the results presented here might be of interest in the designing of new antifungal compounds.
Candida tropicalis has been associated with invasive candidiasis, being the first or second most common non-Candida albicans Candida species isolated in humans with candidemia and candiduria, as well as being frequently isolated from healthy animals. This study aimed to characterize C. tropicalis isolates (n = 64) obtained from several animal species regarding antifungal susceptibility and production of virulence factors. The isolates were obtained from the microbiota of healthy animals (goats, n = 25; sheep, n = 6; psittacines, n = 14; rheas, n = 6; horses, n = 2; sirenians, n = 5; shrimp, n = 1), as well as from aquatic mammals found dead in the environment (cetaceans, n = 5). The isolates were subjected to in vitro susceptibility testing by broth microdilution according to the CLSI M27-A3 protocol against amphotericin B, caspofungin, itraconazole, and fluconazole. We also evaluated the virulence attributes, such as proteases and phospholipases, as well as biofilm formation. Resistance to itraconazole (n = 29) and fluconazole (n = 30) was detected among isolates from every source; resistance to both azoles was detected in 24 isolates, but none of them were resistant to amphotericin B and caspofungin. Protease production was detected in the majority of the isolates (n = 59), but phospholipase was produced by only a few of them (n = 6). The isolates showed different patterns in biofilm production, being considered strong producers (n = 41), moderate producers (n = 11), weak producers (n = 9) or non-producers (n = 3). In summary, C. tropicalis isolated from animals showed high rate of resistance to azoles, expressed virulence factors and therefore may represent a potential threat to human and animal health.