The blood-brain barrier keeps the protein concentrations in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) much lower than in serum (1)(2)(3)(4). However, the CSF apolipoprotein E (apoE) concentration is approximately one-tenth to one-twentieth of the serum apoE concentration (5)(6)(7)(8)(9)(10)(11)(12)(13). Mainly glia cells secrete apoE in the central nervous system (14)(15)(16). CSF apoE is carried exclusively on HDL, which is the major lipoprotein in the CSF (17)(18). The CSF apoE concentration varies in neurological disorders such as central nervous system inflammatory diseases (5)(19) and Alzheimer disease (7)(8)(9)(10)(11)(12)(13). However, the clinical significance of the CSF apoE concentration is still unclear.
Recent studies have suggested that the apoE content of CSF HDL is more important than the CSF apoE concentration (20). HDL enriched with apoE promotes nerve growth factor-induced neurite outgrowth (20). Because the number of synapses increases markedly in childhood (21), the apoE content of CSF HDL might be higher in children than in adults. To address this question, we measured the apoE and phospholipid (PL) concentrations in CSF simultaneously.
Samples were obtained from 59 neurologically normal subjects (42 males and 17 females, ages 2–86 years). Of the 59 subjects, 30 were patients with acute leukemia in complete remission, the others were patients who underwent surgery …
Ghrelin is a unique fatty acid-modified peptide hormone produced in the stomach and has important roles in energy homeostasis and gastrointestinal motility. However, the medium-chain fatty acid source for ghrelin acyl-modification is not known. We found that a fat-free diet and the removal of intestinal microbiota did not decrease acyl-ghrelin production in the stomach or plasma acyl-ghrelin levels in mice. RT-PCR analysis showed that genes involving fatty acid synthesis, metabolism, and transport were expressed in pancreas-derived ghrelinoma (PG-1) cells. Treatment with an irreversible inhibitor of carnitine palmitoyltransferase-1 (CPT-1) strongly decreased acylated ghrelin levels but did not affect ghrelin or ghrelin o-acyl transferase (GOAT) mRNA levels in PG-1 cells. Our results suggest that the medium-chain fatty acid used for the acyl-modification of ghrelin is produced in ghrelin-producing cells themselves by β-oxidation of long-chain fatty acids provided from the circulation.
Fast, effective and reliable methods for obtaining chiral allylic alcohols generally employ enantioselective resolution or alkenylzinc addition to aldehydes. These methods either waste half of the available reagent, or use pyrophoric, potentially dangerous reagents. Herein is presented a catalytic enantioselective method to synthesize chiral allylic alcohols and diarylmethanols from addition of air-stable vinyl- or phenylsiloxanes to aldehydes. Various aromatic, heteroaromatic, and easily enolizable aliphatic aldehydes can be coupled with simple and highly substituted vinylsiloxanes with excellent enantioselectivity.
A catalytic enantioselective desymmetrization of meso-N-p-nitrobenzoylaziridines with TMSCN was developed using a chiral gadolinium catalyst generated from Gd(OiPr)3 and d-glucose-derived ligand 1. In this reaction, the addition of a catalytic amount of trifluoroacetic acid (TFA) improved enantioselectivity. High enantioselectivity was obtained from a range of meso-aziridines at 0-60 degrees C. The product could be easily transformed into beta-amino acids. Thus, the developed catalytic enantioselective desymmetrization reaction allowed for efficient catalytic synthesis of chiral cyclic beta-amino acids. The incorporation of TFA into the catalyst complex was observed using ESI-MS. Generation of this new complex might be the origin of the improved enantioselectivity.
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