Nowadays, botnets use peer-to-peer (P2P) networks for command and control (C&C) infrastructure. In contrast to traditional centralized-organized botnets, there is no central point of failure for structed-P2P-based botnets, which makes the botnets more concealable and robust and consequently degrades the botnet detection efficiency. In this work, an efficient structured-P2P-based botnet detection strategy through the aggregation and stability analysis of network traffic is proposed. Considering that the flows related to the structured-P2P-based bot exhibit stability on statistical meaning due to the impartial position in botnet and performing pre-programmed control activities automatically, we develop a stability detection subsystem to differentiate regular clients from bots. However, there may exist a large quantity of flows in supervised network, which makes botnet detection rather inefficient. Thus, a small flow-aggregation extraction subsystem is further developed to exclude a majority of flows unlikely for C&C communication of structured-P2P-based bots ahead of stability detection. Extensive experimental results show the proposed approach is very efficient and can detect structured-P2P-based botnet with low false positive ratio.
Based on 378 permanent and 415 temporary plots from Northeast China, the relationship of maximum stand density and quadratic mean diameter at breast height of treesfor Larix olgensis plantation was developed. Linear quantile regression model with different quantiles (τ=0.90, 0.95, 0.99) was used and the optimal model for the maximum density-size line model was selected. The ordinary least square (OLS) and maximum likelihood (ML) regression were also employed to develop the maximum density-size line by using the arbitrary selected data. Generalized Pareto model of extreme value theory was used to calculate the number of limited maximum trees based on the current stands so that the limited density-size line was developed. The linear quantile regression model was compared with the other methods. The results showed that selecting 5 points within the whole diameter class for the maximum density-size line model development would get the satisfying prediction model. The fitting line would deviate from the maximum density-size line with the increasing points selected. The method of ML was superior to OLS in parameter estimation. The linear quantile regression model with the quantile of 0.99 achieved similar fitting results compared with ML regression and the estimation results was much stable. Traditional approach that selecting fittng data was considered arbitrary so that linear quantile regression with quantile of 0.99 was selected as the best model to construct the maximum density-size line with the estimates for the parameters as k=11.790 and β=-1.586, and k=11.820 and β=-1.594 for the limited density-size line model. The determined limited density-size line was above the maximum density-size line but the difference was not pronounced. The validation results by using the data of permanent sample plots showed the models were suitable to predict the maximum and limited density line of the current forest stands, which would provide basis for the sustainable management of L. olgensis plantation.基于东北地区378块固定样地和415块临时样地的调查数据和Reineke方程,利用线性分位数回归技术建立了不同分位点(τ=0.90、0.95、0.99)下的长白落叶松人工林最大林分密度与林木平均胸径的关系模型,选出拟合长白落叶松人工林最大密度线的最优模型. 利用人为选取最大的拟合数据,采用最小二乘(OLS)和最大似然(ML)回归同时建立最大密度线模型. 采用极值统计理论的广义Pareto模型推算现实林分特定径阶的极限最大株数,进一步建立极限密度线模型. 将线性分位数回归模型与其他方法进行对比.结果表明: 在全部径阶范围内选取5个最大数据点拟合的方法能够得到现实林分的最大密度线,选取的样点过多会使模拟结果偏离最大密度线,且ML法要优于OLS法. 分位点为0.99的线性分位数回归模型能够取得与ML接近的拟合结果,但分位数回归模型参数的估计结果更稳定. 人为选取拟合数据具有一定的人为性,最终选取分位点为0.99的分位数回归模型为拟合最大密度线的最优模型,参数估计结果为k=11.790、β=-1.586,极限密度线模型的参数估计结果为k=11.820、β=-1.594. 所确定的极限密度线位置略高于最大密度线,但二者差异不明显. 由固定样地数据的验证结果可知,所建立的最大林分密度线及极限密度线能够对现实林分的最大密度及极限密度进行预测,为长白落叶松人工林的合理经营提供依据.
A decision support system using extended quality function deployment model (EQFDM) and internet application for manufacturing supply chain (SC) planning has been developed in this research. In this paper, a customer-focused quality evaluation approach, the EQFDM with internet application is employed to develop a coordinated planning system in SCs and assist mapping decisions of strategic planning into each partner's internal planning processes. To facilitate cooperation of SC partners in strategic planning, the hybrid planning process has been programmed into a web tool. The local planning has been supported by fuzzy logic approach so that approximate optimal solutions can be obtained avoiding difficulties of acquiring quantitative data. Through this intelligent Web based architecture, individual planning processes can be efficiently co-ordinated by means of efficient communication and visualizing consequences of a decision to be made on SC performance. Case study in a manufacturing (packaging) SC has been conducted to implement a scenario planning process for strategies on re-engineering the manufacturing SC. The research result shows that the intelligent system could be a promising tool for assisting strategic planning in a SC cooperation context.
Purpose Study on the internal legalization process of strategic change for a large number of ultra-large enterprises in China. Design/methodology/approach This paper takes formulation process of Suning Appliance Group’s 10-year strategy (2010–2020) as the research case, designs the research issues, propositions and analysis unit of the case study, and uses the data collection and analysis methods in the grounded theory to realize the theoretical development from data to viewpoint conceptualizing and to proposition categorizing. Findings There are four key concepts that affect the judgment of overall strategic legitimacy of super-large enterprises: Emerging-market opportunities and strategic operational positioning, legitimacy perspective mainly manifests as legitimacy judgment of strategic direction within organization. Positioning of core resources (including intangible resources) and their value identification methods or value evaluation criteria, the legitimacy perspective is mainly reflected in the organization's internal legitimacy judgment of functional planning, especially implementation path. The impact factors of the key performance of each SBU are positioned, and the legitimacy perspective is mainly reflected in the organization’s internal judgment on the legitimacy of strategic supporting measures, especially the resources needed for the implementation of the strategy and capacity development. The periodical strategic objectives and performance measurement indicators of each SBU are mainly reflected in the organization’s internal legitimacy judgment on strategic alignment and specific action plans for strategic operational units. The legitimacy of these four key concepts is strongly influenced by the rationality of these strategic concepts, which are closely related to their shaping patterns driven by right-brain and left-brain thinking modes. Research limitations/implications This case is a longitudinal study of the strategic decision-making process, not a longitudinal follow-up of the actual implementation of the strategy. In addition, given that the case enterprise was facing the emerging market at that time and focused on pushing firms to seize opportunities, not much research has been done on the impact of external legitimacy on the strategic formulation process, a variable that is increasingly being focused on today. Practical implications This model has guidance significance and practical demonstration role for a large number of enterprises that are implementing the “+Internet” strategic change under traditional offline operation. Social implications According to the summary of the connection between data and propositions in several rounds, this paper constructs a theoretical model of left and right brain thinking mode driving key concepts to achieve the internal legalization process of strategic changes. Originality/value In the analysis process, the legalization theory and the sense-making method are introduced into enterprises’ strategy making process. Based on this analysis framework, this paper analyzes in detail that the top decision-making level and the middle and high executive level form key strategic concepts to promote the internal legalization process of strategic decision-making driven by the right-brain intuitive thinking mode and the left-brain rational thinking mode, which greatly improves the quality of strategy formulation and the operability of strategy implementation.
Green packaging is playing an increasingly important role in greening the supply chain. However, the issues that companies face when developing green packaging solutions for the transportation of products within supply chains are poorly understood. A case study of an automotive component manufacturer is presented that explores the complexity of the decisions that surround the decision of inter-organisational packaging design. Drawing upon the literature, legislation and the expert evaluation provided by the case organisation, it identifies the important criteria that influence packaging design and comprise customer requirements, legislation, operational and environmental concerns. This research finds that even though the company makes significant efforts to improve its environmental performance, operational concerns are most influential factors in the design of packaging. Initiatives that aim to improve the environmental performance of packaging are also constrained by external influences in the supply chain, such as customer pressure to adopt branded packaging systems and the inability to influence the design of incoming goods and material packaging.
Traditionally, the container is usually regarded as a `black box' in container supply chain design and analysis, which ignores the interactions between container, inner packaging and logistics operations and their impact on sustainability performance of the logistics solution. But according to UK and international insurance organisations, more than half of incidents in container shipping are cargo loss or damage, and more than one third of those value loss incidents are contributed by poorly or incorrect packed containers. Since the packaging related factors are tightly related to container cargo value loss in logistics operations and further influence the sustainability of the container supply chain, this paper introduces packaging logistics concept and risk management tools into container shipping to integrate the packaging, cargo and logistics operation as a holistic system in container supply chain evaluation and design. An integrated framework and approach is proposed in this paper for sustainable container supply chain evaluation and design taking packaging related risks into account. And simulation model is developed to apply this integrated method in container shipping scenario.
'/%3e%3cuse xlink:href='%23a' transform='rotate(23.036 .093 25.536)'/%3e%3cuse xlink:href='%23a' transform='rotate(45.87 1.273 16.18)'/%3e%3cuse xlink:href='%23a' transform='rotate(69.945 .996 12.078)'/%3e%3cuse xlink:href='%23a' transform='rotate(20.66 -19.689 31.932)'/%3e%3c/svg%3e)
'%3e%3cpath fill='%23012169' d='M0 0v30h60V0z'/%3e%3cpath stroke='%23fff' stroke-width='6' d='m0 0 60 30m0-30L0 30'/%3e%3cpath stroke='%23C8102E' stroke-width='4' d='m0 0 60 30m0-30L0 30' clip-path='url(%23b)'/%3e%3cpath stroke='%23fff' stroke-width='10' d='M30 0v30M0 15h60'/%3e%3cpath stroke='%23C8102E' stroke-width='6' d='M30 0v30M0 15h60'/%3e%3c/g%3e%3c/svg%3e)