Eighty Black and 80 White undergraduate and graduate women were presented with a set of materials depicting two women as verbally aggressive. In a between‐subjects design, each participant was presented with a set of materials depicting one of the following: two women who were (a) of the same race as the participant, (b) of a different race from the participant, or (c) a mixed racial pair. Each participant was asked to rate the randomly chosen identified aggressor on several variables related to aggression. Results of a 2×2×2 MANOVA (race of participant, race of identified aggressor, race of target) indicated a main effect for race of participant such that the White participants viewed all episodes as more aggressive than the Black participants. There were no other significant main effects or interactions.
Abstract Several independent lines of evidence suggest that megakaryocytes are dysfunctional in severe COVID-19. Herein, we characterized peripheral circulating megakaryocytes in a large cohort of inpatients with COVID-19 and correlated the subpopulation frequencies with clinical outcomes. Using peripheral blood, we show that megakaryocytes are increased in the systemic circulation in COVID-19, and we identify and validate S100A8/A9 as a defining marker of megakaryocyte dysfunction. We further reveal a subpopulation of S100A8/A9+ megakaryocytes that contain severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) protein and RNA. Using flow cytometry of peripheral blood and in vitro studies on SARS-CoV-2–infected primary human megakaryocytes, we demonstrate that megakaryocytes can transfer viral antigens to emerging platelets. Mechanistically, we show that SARS-CoV-2–containing megakaryocytes are nuclear factor κB (NF-κB)-activated, via p65 and p52; express the NF-κB–mediated cytokines interleukin-6 (IL-6) and IL-1β; and display high surface expression of Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2) and TLR4, canonical drivers of NF-κB. In a cohort of 218 inpatients with COVID-19, we correlate frequencies of megakaryocyte subpopulations with clinical outcomes and show that SARS-CoV-2–containing megakaryocytes are a strong risk factor for mortality and multiorgan injury, including respiratory failure, mechanical ventilation, acute kidney injury, thrombotic events, and intensive care unit admission. Furthermore, we show that SARS-CoV-2+ megakaryocytes are present in lung and brain autopsy tissues from deceased donors who had COVID-19. To our knowledge, this study offers the first evidence implicating SARS-CoV-2+ peripheral megakaryocytes in severe disease and suggests that circulating megakaryocytes warrant investigation in inflammatory disorders beyond COVID-19.
The contention that client insight causes symptom reduction was examined for 12 clients who completed 20 sessions of psychotherapy. Clients rated target complaints before each counseling session and completed the Important Events Questionnaire (IEQ; A. L. Cummings, J. Martin, E. T. Hallberg, & A. G. Slemon, 1992) after each counseling session. Counselors rated target complaints for their clients after each session. Three judges rated the IEQs using the Insight Rating Scale (IRS; R. W. Morgan, L. Luborsky, P. Crits-Christoph, H. Curtis, & J. Solomon, 1982). Validity of the IRS was established by examining the relationship between IRS ratings, counselor-judged insight, and counts of client insight statements. Regression analyses showed that clients had significant linear increases in insight and significant linear decreases in target complaint distress across the 20 counseling sessions. Time-series analyses showed that increases in insight led reductions in target complaints. These results support the importance of insight for symptom reduction.
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