t Geride biraktigimiz yuzyilin sonlarinda ozellikle sehirlesme ve sanayilesme sureclerinde dogal kaynaklarin denetimsiz kullanimi ve tuketimi, dunya gundemine yeni bir yaklasim olarak surdurulebilir kalkinma kavramini getirmistir. Surdurulebilir kalkinma, dogal kaynaklarin korunmasini ve surdurulebilir kullanimini esas alarak sosyo-ekonomik gelismeyi hedefleyen bir kalkinma surecidir. Gunumuz nesillerinin ihtiyaclarinin, gelecek nesillerin ihtiyaclarinin karsilanmasina engel olmayacak sekilde gerceklestirilmesi olarak tanimlanan surdurulebilir kalkinmanin en onemli bilesenlerinden birisi, biyolojik cesitliliktir. Herhangi bir bolgedeki ekosistem, tur ve gen cesitliligini ifade eden biyocesitlilik, yeryuzunde canliligin ve insanligin gonenci icin elzem olan yasam destek sisteminin ana unsurunu olusturmaktadir. Turkiye, iklim ve toprak ozellikleri bakimindan farkliliklar gosteren cografi bolgelere sahip olmasi, Asya ve Avrupa kitalarinin kesisme noktasinda bulunmasi ve uc onemli fitocografik bolgeyi barindirmasi nedeniyle ozellikle bitki cesitliligi bakimindan dunyada cok onemli bir yere sahiptir. Turkiye florasinda dokuz binin uzerinde bitki turunun bulundugu ve bunlarin 1/3’unun endemik oldugu bilinmektedir. Sahip oldugumuz bu yuksek biyocesitlilik duzeyi, ulkemize bir taraftan onemli imkânlar sunarken, diger taraftan da buyuk sorumluluklar yuklemektedir. Tum dunyada oldugu gibi Turkiye’de de; hizli nufus artisi ile kentlesme ve sanayilesmeye paralel olarak dogal kaynak tahribati carpici boyutlara ulasmistir. Surdurulebilir kalkinma yaklasiminin ozunde, dogal kaynaklarin, ekonomik gelismenin kaynagi ve siniri oldugu dusuncesi yer almaktadir. Sahip oldugumuz biyolojik cesitliligi korumak, surdurulebilir kullanimini saglamak ve bu zenginligi ekonomik cikarlara donusturebilmek icin, ulusal duzeyde surdurulebilir kalkinma politikalarinin gelistirilmesi ve uygulanmasi gerekmektedir.
This research was carried out to determine the effect of different hectoliter weights on some chemical properties of barley under laboratory conditions in 4 replications. In this study, barley having 4 different hectoliters weight (55, 60, 65 and 70 kg hl-1) was used and crude protein, crude fiber, crude oil, crude ash and starch content were examined. The datas obtained were subjected to variance analysis according to the randomized plot design. According to the analysis of variance, the hectoliter weight had a statistically significant effect on all characters at the level of 1%. According to the results, crude protein ranged 9.83-12.18%, crude fiber 4.14-6.26%, crude oil 1.43-1.51%, crude ash 2.40-2.98% and starch 47.63-53.17% and as the hectoliter weight increased, the crude protein and crude fiber and crude ash content decreased, while the crude oil and starch content increased.
Abstract This research was conducted to determine chemical variability in terms of essential oil compositions in leaves, herb and flowers of lemon balm. In experiment, Melissa officinalis ssp. officinalis was used as the material. Leaf and herb samples were taken before flowering stage while flower samples were taken at full flowering stage. The essential oils were isolated by hydro-distillation and analyzed by GC/MS. According to results, significant variations were observed in leaves, herb and flowers as concerns essential oil components. Thirteen, fifteen and fourteen components were identified in leaves, herb and flowers, respectively. In leaves and flower, main component was citral (25.22% and 21.20%), followed by caryophyllene oxide (21.95% and 18.44%) and z-citral (19.08% and 16.03%). Compared to leaf and flower, herb showed differences in terms of major components. While, caryophyllene oxide (29.25%) was the main component, citral (15.20%) and β- caryophyllene (12.14%) were the second and third components in herb, respectively. Keywords: Lemon balm, Melissa officinalis, essential oil compositions, caryophyllene oxide Ozet Bu calisma ogulotu (Melissa officinalis L.)’nun yaprak, herba ve cicegindeki ucucu yag bilesenleri acisindan degisimi belirlemek icin yapilmistir. Denemede materyal olarak Melissa officinalis ssp. officinalis kullanilmistir. Yaprak ve herba ornekleri ciceklenme oncesi donemde alinirken, cicek ornekleri tam ciceklenme doneminde alinmistir. Ucucu yaglar su distilasyonu yontemiyle elde edilmis olup, GC/MS cihaziyla bilesen analizi yapilmistir. Arastirma sonuclarina gore, yaprak, herba ve cicekte ucucu yag bilesenleri bakimindan onemli degisimler tespit edilmistir. Yaprak, herba ve cicekte sirasiyla 13, 15 ve 14 ucucu yag bileseni belirlenmistir. Yaprak ve cicekte ana bilesen citral (%25.22 ve %21.20) olurken, bunu caryophyllene oxide (%21.95 ve %18.44) ve z-citral (%19.08 ve %16.03) izlemistir. Yaprak ve cicekle kiyaslandiginda, ana bilesenler bakimindan herbada farkliliklar gorulmustur. Nitekim herbada caryophyllene oxide (%29.25) ana bilesen olurken, citral (%15.20) ve β-caryophyllene (%12.14) sirasiyla ikinci ve ucuncu bilesen olmustur. Anahtar kelimeler: Ogulotu, Melissa officinalis, ucucu yag bilesenleri, caryophyllene oxide
This review summarizes the difficulties and problems facing MAPs as well as recommendations of overcoming challenge, and brings together the main issues relating to this very important subject. The issues must be addressed in order to ensure the conservation and sustainable use of the medicinal plants resource. Interest in medicinal and aromatic plants (MAPs) as a re-emerging health aid has been fuelled by the rising costs of prescription drugs in the maintenance of personal health and well-being, and the bioprospecting of new plant-derived drugs. Vacuum is likely to occur in the supply of raw plant materials that are being over-exploited by the pharmaceutical industry as well as the traditional practitioners. Besides, the major challenges for sustainable wild collection include: lack of knowledge about sustainable harvest rates and practices, undefined land use rights and lack of legislative and policy guidance. In situ conservation of these resources, however, alone cannot meet the ever increasing demand of pharmaceutical industry. Many signs reveal that MAPs are gradually facing extinction. They are: (i) People walk long distances to collect them. (ii) Some crpos are no longer found. (iii) What used to be a thick forest of diverse plant species is reduced to bush and areas that have floral fast disappearing. (iv) Many MAPs are not maturing and seeding because the young plants are being harvested before they mature. Hence, It is necessary to initiate systematic cultivation of medicinal plants in order to conserve biodiversity and protect endangered species. Efforts are also required to suggest appropriate cropping patterns for the incorporation of these plants into the conventional agricultural and forestry cropping systems. In order to initiate systematic cultivation of MAPs high yielding varieties have to be selected. It is therefore necessary to collect, conserve and evaluate germplasm and to
Oilseeds are one of the most valuable crops in Turkey’s agriculture and economy as they are the most important source of vegetable oil, feed for livestock and, as of recently, biodiesel feedstock. At the present time, Turkey cannot even meet its own demand for oilseeds, and this problem stems mainly from a lack of planning in the production phase. At present, more than half of the country’s need for oil is s met by imports and the import value of crude vegetable oil and oilseed crops is the second largest figure in the country’s total exchange expenditures, trailing only petroleum products.
Bu tez calismasinda Turkiye’de degisik tehlike kategorilerinde bulunan ve klasik yollarla cogaltiminda problemler yasanan bazi endemik Salvia turlerinin (S. albimaculata Hedge&Hub.-Mor., S. chrysophylla Stapf, S. ephratica var. euphratica Montbret & Aucher ve S. nydeggeri Hub.-Mor.) doku kullturu yontemiyle cogaltim olanaklari arastirilmistir. Materyal olarak kullanilan turlerin tohumlarinda onemli oranda cimlenme problemi goruldugunden, in vivo olarak gelisen turlerden izole edilen koltukalti ve surgun uclari eksplant olarak kullanilmistir. Oncelikle, farkli besin ortamlarinin (MS, B5, FN ve NN) surgun rejenerasyonu uzerine etkisi arastirilmis ve incelenen karakterler bakimindan MS ortami one cikmistir. Yapilan rejenerasyon calismalarina gore, S. chrysophylla turunun rejenerasyon yeteneginin diger turlere gore daha iyi oldugu tespit edilmistir. Hizli cogaltim calismalarinda da durum benzerdir. Nitekim S. chrysohylla disindaki turlerde hizli cogaltim asamasinda basariya ulasilamamis ve doku kulturu ile elde edilen bitkilerin devamliligi saglanamamistir. Dolayisiyla, S. chrysophylla disindaki turlerde koklenme calismalari yapilamamistir. S.chrysophylla turunde elde edilen surgunlerin koklenmesi uzerine ortama ilave edilen 2 ml/L PPM dozunun olumlu etkisi tespit edilmistir. Dolayisiyla surgunler 2 ml/L PPM iceren MS ortaminda koklendirilmistir. Koklenmeye alinan surgunlerin % 51.2’si koklenmis olup, koklenen bitkicikler 1:1 oraninda torf : perlit karisiminda saksiya aktarilmis ve dis kosullara kolaylikla adapte olabilmislerdir. AbstractIn this thesis, propagation possibilities with tissue culture of some endemic Salvia species (S. albimaculata Hedge & Hub.-Mor., S. chrysophylla Stapf, S. ephratica var.euphratica Montbret & Aucher ve S. nydeggeri Hub.-Mor.) which are endangered in Turkey and can not be propagated using traditional method was investigated. Because of significant germination problem in seeds of that species, nodal explants and shoot tips isolated from in vivo-grown plants were used. First, effect of different nutrient mediums (MS, B5, FN and NN) on shoot regeneration was investigated and MS medium was superior in terms of characters examined. The regeneration studies showed edge of S. chrysophylla over the other species. Similar results were noted in micropropagation studies. Micropropagation couldn’t be achieved in the other species, except S. chrysophylla. So, the rooting studies couldn’t have been performed in the other species, except S.chrysophylla. 2 ml/L PPM had possittive effect on rooting of shoots in S.chrysophylla. So, the shoots were rooted on MS medium containing 2 ml/L PPM. 51.2 % of shoots were rooted. Rooted plants were transferred into pots containing 1:1 turf and perlite and acclimatized easily.
This study was carried out at Ankara ecological conditions in 2012. In experiment, Melissa officinalis ssp. officinalis were used as plant material and leaf and herb samples were taken at different 3 growth stages (before flowering, beginning of flowering and full flowering) with three replications. After drying samples in the shade, the essential oils were extracted by hydro-distillation and analyzed by GC/MS. The results indicated that essential oil content and its compositions were significantly influenced by growth stages. Essential oil content was varied from 0.06% to 0.13% and from 0.03 to 0.08% in leaf and herb, respectively and the highest essential oil content was recorded at before flowering stage in leaf and herb. In the other hand, caryophyllene oxide was detected as the main component in both leaf and herb at all growth stages, excepting leaf at before flowering. So, it’s recommend that in Ankara conditions, Melissa officinalis should be harvested at before flowering stage in terms of essential oil content and its composition.
In this study, carried out to determine effect of boric acid treatments on essential oil compositions in moldavian balm (Dracocephalum moldavica L.), plants were transplanted to experimental area of Department of Field Crops, Faculty of Agriculture of Ankara University with four replicates after rooting. Boric acid concentrations (0, 3, 6 ve 9 kg ha -1 ) were applied as aqueous foliar spray at before flowering stage and plants were harvested at full flowering stage The essential oils were isolated by hydro-distillation using clevenger-type apparatus and analyzed by GC/MS. According to results, 14 components were determined in herbs of Dracocephalum moldavica and linalol, z-citral, geraniol, citral, nerol and geranyl acetate were major components. The chemical composition of essential oil did not change due to the boric acid level; rather the percentages of main constituents were affected, slightly. While, the highest level of geranyl acetate (43.6%) was obtained at 6 kg ha -1 . both citral (27.6%) and z-citral (20.2%) the highest percentage was documented at 9 kg ha -1 . Other minor components showed different concentrations depending on level of fertilizer used.
Bu araştırma, bazı kışlık kolza çeşitlerinin çimlenme döneminde tuz stresine tepkilerinin belirlenmesi amacıyla laboratuar koşullarında yapılmıştır. Egc 7571, Elvis, Es Hydromel ve Triangle olmak üzere 4 kışlık kolza çeşidinin yer aldığı çalışma, Tesadüf Parselleri Deneme Deseni’ne göre 3 tekerrürlü olarak yürütülmüştür. Denemede çeşitlere 8 farklı NaCl dozu (0, 25, 50, 75, 100, 125, 150 ve 200 mM) uygulanmış ve ele alınan çeşitlerde çimlenme oranı, çimlenme süresi, kökçük uzunluğu ve sürgün uzunluğu incelenmiştir. Elde edilen sonuçlara göre, çimlenme oranı % 65.33– 100.00, çimlenme süresi 3.75–8.71 gün, kökçük uzunluğu 0.50-12.81 cm ve sürgün uzunluğu 0.59-8.79 cm arasında değişmiş olup, NaCl dozları incelenen özellikler üzerine önemli oranda olumsuz etki yapmıştır. Çeşitler, çimlenme oranı bakımından tuz stresine 125 mM NaCl dozuna kadar dayanabilmiş, bu düzeyden sonra çimlenme oranında önemli düşüşler görülmüştür. Diğer özelliklerde ise çeşitler genel olarak tuz stresine 100 mM NaCl dozuna kadar tolerans gösterebilmiş, bu noktadan sonra keskin düşüşler görülmüştür. İncelenen tüm özelliklerde, Egc 7571 çeşidi artan tuz dozlarından daha az etkilenirken, Elvis en fazla etkilenen çeşit olarak dikkati çekmiştir.
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