Abstract Drosophila melanogaster is an important model for antiviral immunity in arthropods, but very few DNA viruses have been described from the family Drosophilidae. This deficiency limits our opportunity to use natural host-pathogen combinations in experimental studies, and may bias our understanding of the Drosophila virome. Here we report fourteen DNA viruses detected in a metagenomic analysis of approximately 6500 pool-sequenced Drosophila , sampled from 47 European locations between 2014 and 2016. These include three new Nudiviruses, a new and divergent Entomopox virus, a virus related to Leptopilina boulardi filamentous virus, and a virus related to Musca domestica salivary gland hypertrophy virus. We also find an endogenous genomic copy of Galbut virus, a dsRNA Partitivirus, segregating at very low frequency. Remarkably, we find that Drosophila Vesanto virus, a small DNA virus previously described as a Bidnavirus, may be composed of up to 12 segments and represent a new lineage of segmented DNA viruses. Two of the DNA viruses, Drosophila Kallithea nudivirus and Drosophila Vesanto virus are relatively common, found in 2% or more of wild flies. The others are rare, with many likely to be represented by a single infected fly. We find that virus prevalence in Europe reflects the prevalence seen in publicly-available datasets, with Drosophila Kallithea nudivirus and Drosophila Vesanto virus the only ones commonly detectable in public data from wild-caught flies and large population cages, and the other viruses being rare or absent. These analyses suggest that DNA viruses are at lower prevalence than RNA viruses in D. melanogaster , and may be less likely to persist in laboratory cultures. Our findings go some way to redressing an earlier bias toward RNA virus studies in Drosophila , and lay the foundation needed to harness the power of Drosophila as a model system for the study of DNA viruses.
Abstract Conservation genomic studies in non-model organisms generally rely on genome reduction techniques based on restriction enzymes to identify population structure as well as candidate loci for local adaptation. These reduced libraries ensure a high density of SNP loci and high coverage for accurate genotyping. Despite the fraction of the genome that is sequenced is expected to be randomly located, the reduction of the genome might depend on the recognition site of the restriction enzyme used. Here, we evaluate the distribution and functional composition of loci obtained after Genotyping-by-sequencing (GBS) genome reduction with two widely used restriction enzymes (EcoT22I and ApeKI). To do so, we compared data from two endemic fish species ( Symphodus ocellatus and Symphodus tinca , EcoT22I enzyme) and two ecosystem engineer sea urchins ( Paracentrotus lividus and Arbacia lixula , ApeKI enzyme). In brief, we mapped the sequenced loci to the phylogenetically closest reference genome available ( Labrus bergylta for fish and Strongylocentrotus purpuratus for sea urchins), classified them as exonic, intronic, and intergenic, and studied their functionality by using GO terms. We detected an enrichment towards exonic or intergenic regions depending on the restriction enzyme used, and we did not detect differences between total loci and candidate loci for adaptation. Despite most GO terms being shared between species, the analysis of their abundance showed differences between taxonomic groups, which may be attributed to differences of the targeted loci. Our results highlight the importance of restriction enzyme selection and the need for high-quality annotated genomes in conservation genomic studies.
Genetic differentiation (FST) for coding and non-coding regions in the concatenated dataset for all 4 genes (A) and for coding, intronic and 5’ UTR regions for PhKgamma (B). (XLSX 13 kb)
In recent years, new analytical tools have allowed researchers to extract historical information contained in molecular data, which has fundamentally transformed our understanding of processes ruling biological invasions. However, the use of these new analytical tools has been largely restricted to studies of terrestrial organisms despite the growing recognition that the sea contains ecosystems that are amongst the most heavily affected by biological invasions, and that marine invasion histories are often remarkably complex. Here, we studied the routes of invasion and colonisation histories of an invasive marine invertebrate Microcosmus squamiger (Ascidiacea) using microsatellite loci, mitochondrial DNA sequence data and 11 worldwide populations. Discriminant analysis of principal components, clustering methods and approximate Bayesian computation (ABC) methods showed that the most likely source of the introduced populations was a single admixture event that involved populations from two genetically differentiated ancestral regions - the western and eastern coasts of Australia. The ABC analyses revealed that colonisation of the introduced range of M. squamiger consisted of a series of non-independent introductions along the coastlines of Africa, North America and Europe. Furthermore, we inferred that the sequence of colonisation across continents was in line with historical taxonomic records - first the Mediterranean Sea and South Africa from an unsampled ancestral population, followed by sequential introductions in California and, more recently, the NE Atlantic Ocean. We revealed the most likely invasion history for world populations of M. squamiger, which is broadly characterized by the presence of multiple ancestral sources and non-independent introductions within the introduced range. The results presented here illustrate the complexity of marine invasion routes and identify a cause-effect relationship between human-mediated transport and the success of widespread marine non-indigenous species, which benefit from stepping-stone invasions and admixture processes involving different sources for the spread and expansion of their range.
The European spiny lobster (Palinurus elephas) mean annual catches have decreased alarmingly during recent decades along its entire distribution area due to stock over-exploitation, which makes it a primary target for conservation plans. A total of 164 microsatellite loci were isolated from a genomic library of P. elephas enriched for CA, GA, CAA and GATA repeats. A total of 15 polymorphic loci have been screened in 48 individuals. High numbers of alleles per locus (averaging 20 ± 10.5) and observed heterozygosity (averaging 0.789 ± 0.197) have been detected. None of the pairs of loci showed significant linkage disequilibrium. Two of the loci (Pael1 and Pael2) showed significant departure from Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium in Sagres, while Pael38 showed significant departure in Tunis. These highly polymorphic markers will be useful in determining the spatial patterns of genetic diversity between and within populations of Palinurus elephas.