Polyurethane hybrids (PUHs) are a type of versatile materials with a broad variety of possible applications. Considering the connections between their structure and characteristics, this is especially true. Because of its special mechanical stability, toughness, stickiness, sustainability of the finished product, biological properties, and chemical properties, PUHs are the subject of extensive research and development for use in a wide range of applications. Polyurethane /acrylic hybrids are important type of binders in coating industries due to their exceptional properties. This mini review aims to provide an overview of different types of polyurethane/acrylic hybrids, including waterborne, blending, and UV curable hybrids. The synthesis of these hybrids through addition and emulsion polymerization techniques is discussed, emphasizing the importance of achieving intimately homogenous latex. The hybrids (PUHs) enhanced the physical, chemical, and mechanical properties of the final products including coatings, paints, adhesives, and performance of other products. In addition, the anticorrosion coatings based on PUHs exhibits the properties of polyurethane and acrylic to reduce or prevent the corrosion.
Pesticides have played an important role in agricultural production as an effective means of rapid and efficient control of pests and diseases. However, their unreasonable use can lead to excessive pesticide residues in the environment and agricultural products, posing a great threat to the ecological environment and human health. Therefore, it is necessary to establish a new technique for pesticide residue analysis that is efficient, sensitive and practical. Electrochemical sensors are widely used in the detection of pesticide residues due to their high sensitivity, stability, selectivity, simplicity, fast speed and low cost. This article reviews the application and research progress of immuno, enzyme, nano and molecularly imprinted electrochemical sensors in pesticide residue detection, and gives an outlook on the future application of electrochemical sensors in pesticide residues detection.
The sorption of the interpolymer systems on the basis on Lewatit CNP LF and AB-17-8 industrial ion exchanges in the relation to scandium ions has been studied. The purpose of this research has been to study the sorption capacity of the interpolymer system “Lewatit CNP LF:AV-17-8” in relation to scandium ions. Methodology. To calculate the sorption parameters, the optical density of the solutions has been measured on the Jenway-6305 spectrophotometer. The obtained results have shown that the maximum sorption degree of the “Lewatit CNP LF:AV-17-8” interpolymer systems during 48 h of interaction has occurred in the molar ratios (3:3, 2:4 and 1:5) of polymers, the sorption degrees have been 26.4%; 27.9% and 26%, respectively. As can be seen, the value of the sorption degree is maximum at the ratio of 2:4. The value of the sorption degree in this ratio is higher by 32.5% and 28.5%, respectively, as compared with the degree of sorption of individual ion exchangers Lewatit CNP LF (6:0) and AV-17-8 (0:6).The highest values of the polymer chain binding degree after 48 h with scandium ions in the interpolymer system “Lewatit CNP LF:AV-17-8” for the ratios of 3:3; 2:4 and 1:5 have been 4.87%, 5.25% and 5.01%, respectively. The values of the polymer chain binding degree of the individual Lewatit CNPLF (6:0) and AV-17-8 (0:6) ion exchangers, after 48 h have been 3.68% and 4.26%, respectively. Conclusion. The obtained results have shown that the mutual activation of ion exchange resin the interpolymer system leads to a significant increase in their sorption capacity.
The organic part of bituminous Sands (BS) is a chemical raw material of complex and unstable composition. The physical and chemical properties and composition of this raw material depend on the BS Deposit, the method of separation of the organic part, methods and equipment for analysis. The organic component-natural bitumen-is an oil dispersed system, the dispersed phase of which is formed by high – molecular components-resins and asphaltenes; the dispersed medium is made up of lighter hydrocarbons. It was found that traces of tungsten oxide (V), primary and secondary alcohols, and esters were found in the bituminous rock of the Deposit. It was found that natural bitumen extracted from BS contains saturated hydrocarbons: linear: n-heptane, n-decane and cycloparaffins: 1-phenyldodecane, methylcyclohexane, various primary and secondary alcohols, ketone and esters.
This paper investigates the potential use of coked sands, a byproduct of the thermal processing (pyrolysis) of oil sands, in asphalt concrete mixtures. After pyrolysis extracts the oil from the oil sand, the remaining mineral part becomes coked and changes color to black as solid waste, resulting in a coating of biochar. The coked sand’s X-ray phase analysis (XRD) shows peaks at 4.2564, 3.6749, 3.3768, 3.2380, 3.1903, 2.4581, 2.2800, and 2.2365. Quartz, aluminosilicates, metal oxides, and possibly even carbonates make up the sand’s mineral makeup, as indicated by these peaks. One way to use them is in road construction. In this study, we substituted sand screenings with coked sand in amounts of 5%, 7%, and 10% to examine its impact on the composition of asphalt concrete. This study used 5% paving bitumen (BND 70/100) as a binder for asphalt mineral materials of varying sizes. It concludes that using coked sand to produce asphalt concrete can save 5–10% of sand screenings. The test results showed that adding 5% and 7% of coked sand increases the compressive strength at 50 °C by 8% and 31%, respectively. Adding 10% of coked sand does not increase the strength and actually makes it weaker. The results of the asphalt concrete samples meet type B grade 1 standards of ST RK 1225-2019.
Thermogravimetric analyses of the samples were performed on a Q-1000/D derivatograph of the F. Paulik, J. Paulik and L. Erdey system of the MOM company (). The method is based on registering changes in the thermochemical and physical parameters of a substance that can be caused when it is heated by the device. The thermochemical state of the sample is described by the curves: T (temperature), DTA (differential thermoanalytic), TG (thermogravimetric) and DTG (differential thermogravimetric). The last curve is derived from the TG function.
A "green" polymer made by bacteria, xanthan gum has several applications in both the food and drug industries. Because of its harmlessness, xanthan gum is frequently used in other fields after quality improvement through modification. This article describes the grafting process of xanthan gum with styrene and investigates the rheological properties of the modified (grafted) copolymer. For copolymerization, different ratios of xanthan and styrene compositions (XG: St - 1:1.6, 1:5, and 1:8 w/w%) were used. The FTIR spectra of XG-g-St revealed an increase at 1120 cm-1, indicating the formation of additional ether groups due to the St and XG interaction. The rheology properties were investigated at 30, 60, and 80°C. The shear stress of XG dropped from 30 to 80°C, with a maximum shear stress value of 8 Pa at 30°C and a minimum value of 5 Pa at 80°C. According to the findings, grafted with styrene xanthan gum has higher shear stress and better resistance to temperature in comparison with un-modified pure xanthan gum. Due to the grafting new side chains and bonds appear on polymer molecules which affect its viscoelasticity. These findings could be useful in a variety of fields, including oil recovery and construction.
To meet global demand, pesticides play a very important role in the control of pests that damage agricultural products. However, overuse of pesticides threatens ecosystems and human health. In recent years, gas chromatography, liquid chromatography, gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry, capillary chromatography and capillary electrophoresis have been used in the determination of pesticides. Although these methods are highly specific, highly selective and sensitive, the high value of sophisticated laboratory equipment and tools is a complex and time-consuming process. Because of this, electrochemical sensors and biosensor platforms have become good analytical methods for detecting pesticides due to a number of advantages, including ease of detection of system manufacturing processes, high sensitivity and selectivity. This article describes the methods of manufacturing portable electrochemical sensors for detecting pesticide residues in fruits and vegetables on site, that is, the achievements in recent years in the field of cyclic voltammetry, square wave voltammetry, differential pulse voltammetry and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. In addition, detailed information is provided on the basic mechanism and electrochemical sensitivity of these methods. The development of electrochemical methods and real-time monitoring of smartphone technologies, as well as their integration with detection platforms, are discussed. For readers with a scientific and technological focus, this article will provide additional valuable information for understanding the creation of portable electrochemical devices, rapid detection of pesticides, the role of electrochemical sensitive methods and contributing to their further development.
The principal and most expensive type of degradation that currently affects the performance of reinforced concrete bridge constructions is the corrosion of steel reinforcement. Strong financial losses result from the corrosion of reinforced concrete structures. One popular technique for preventing corrosion in reinforced concrete structures is cathodic protection. Since it can give necessary current in a situation where reinforced concrete buildings have high resistance, impressed present cathodic protection (ICCP) provides strength and adaptability. Conductive coatings, discrete anode systems, titanium-based mesh in cementitious overlay, conductive overlay with carbon fibers, and flame-sprayed zinc are examples of anode materials that are often used for impressed current cathodic (ICC). Chloride ions, in particular, are exceedingly difficult to permeate through a continuous epoxy coating on steel, making an epoxy coating a very effective barrier to these hostile chemicals. Epoxy resins are a great option for shielding metal surfaces from the environment and hostile environments because of their outstanding anti-corrosion qualities, good adherence to a variety of surfaces, and chemical resistance. In this work, the cathodic protection, ICCP, various conductive coatings, and epoxy coating as anode material are reviewed.