The rapid detection of pesticide residues in fruits and vegetables using electrochemical methods
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To meet global demand, pesticides play a very important role in the control of pests that damage agricultural products. However, overuse of pesticides threatens ecosystems and human health. In recent years, gas chromatography, liquid chromatography, gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry, capillary chromatography and capillary electrophoresis have been used in the determination of pesticides. Although these methods are highly specific, highly selective and sensitive, the high value of sophisticated laboratory equipment and tools is a complex and time-consuming process. Because of this, electrochemical sensors and biosensor platforms have become good analytical methods for detecting pesticides due to a number of advantages, including ease of detection of system manufacturing processes, high sensitivity and selectivity. This article describes the methods of manufacturing portable electrochemical sensors for detecting pesticide residues in fruits and vegetables on site, that is, the achievements in recent years in the field of cyclic voltammetry, square wave voltammetry, differential pulse voltammetry and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. In addition, detailed information is provided on the basic mechanism and electrochemical sensitivity of these methods. The development of electrochemical methods and real-time monitoring of smartphone technologies, as well as their integration with detection platforms, are discussed. For readers with a scientific and technological focus, this article will provide additional valuable information for understanding the creation of portable electrochemical devices, rapid detection of pesticides, the role of electrochemical sensitive methods and contributing to their further development.Acceptable daily intake
Residue (chemistry)
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For assessing the association between body burden of pesticide residues and occurrence of reproductive disorders in dairy cattle and buffalo, random blood samples were collected from reproductively normal or abnormal bovines (190) reared in high pesticide usage (HPU) and low pesticide usage (LPU) area of Punjab state. Multiple pesticide residue analysis was done using gas chromatography (GC) and GC-mass spectrometry (GC- MS). Overall, about 16.8% bovines were detected positive for pesticide residues (56.1±62.1 ng/ml). The two most commonly detected pesticide residues in blood serum samples of bovines were DDT and its metabolites and chlorpyriphos. Serum pesticide residues were not different between the estrus cyclic and anestrus bovines. Compared to normal estrus cyclic or anestrus bovines, the proportion of bovines positive for pesticide residues as well as suffering from repeat breeding syndrome tended to be higher (24%) along with higher serum pesticide residues (70.1±82.8 ng/ ml). In contrast, the proportion of bovines positive for a pesticide residue and exhibiting pregnancy was very less (4%), and their serum pesticide residues was also low (11.8±0.5 ng/ml). In brief, these findings suggested that serum concentrations of pesticide residues may play a role in occurrence of reproductive disorders.
Residue (chemistry)
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Excessive use of organophosphate pesticides is becoming more common these days. This can affect the level of pesticide residues in farmers' crops. Excessive spraying of pesticides can result in environmental pollution both small and large scale. If excessive exposure to these pesticides can cause damage to the ecosystem. The purpose of this study was to determine the level of organophosphate pesticide residues found in horticulture plants. This research method is a systematic review, by analyzing various studies regarding the contamination of organophosphate pesticide residues in horticultural crops. There are 20 studies from within the country. The results obtained in the form of levels of pesticide residues that are still below the threshold of the BMR (Maximum Residue Limit) of pesticides determined by SNI. Two other studies show that no pesticide residue content was detected. Conclusion: This shows that the sample tested is still safe for consumption. Socialization and education about the doses of pesticide use and how to reduce levels of pesticides in horticultural crops are needed to reduce the risk of exposure to pesticides.
Keywords: Organophosphate, pesticides, residues, contaminant, plants
Residue (chemistry)
Agrochemical
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1996年4月から1998年6月に東京都内で市販されていたベビーフード9種133検体について残留農薬調査を行った．その結果，5種8検体から5種類の農薬が検出された．農薬が検出されたベビーフードは，農薬の検出頻度の高い生鮮の野菜類(果菜類及び葉菜類)や果実類などを原材料としたものであった．農薬を検出したベビーフードについて食品群別摂取量から農薬の摂取量を算出し，各々ADIと比較した．検出された農薬の濃度はいずれも低く，乳幼児の通常の喫食状況からみて特に問題となるものはなかった．
Baby food
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Acceptable daily intake
Reference dose
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In order to investigate organophosphorus pesticide residue in vegetables,GC- MS was employed to determine the organophosphorus pesticide residues in more than 4000 vegetable samples gathered from pollution-free vegetable producing bases,open markets,supermarkets,wholesale markets and so on. The results showed the pesticide residue over standard rate decreased from 8. 51% to 1. 12% during 2006 and 2012,which was on a declining curve,indicating a pesticide residue was improved year by year. The relevance ratio and pesticide residue over standard in vegetables were on a declining curve; and the kinds of pesticide transferred from high- toxic pesticide,forbidden pesticides to low- toxic pesticides,such as Dursban,triazophos; The over standard rate saw a most highest in cabbages and green-leave-vegetables,the pesticide over standard rate in tegume vegetables and melon vegetables were lower. Preliminary analysis of the current situation of pesticide residue in vegetables in Guizhou province was made,and relevant proposes was arose.
Residue (chemistry)
Melon
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Pesticides are chemical substances which used to ensure high crop yields. From year to year the sales of plant protection
products (fungicides, herbicides, insecticides) in agriculture are increasing. The use of pesticides during production often leads
to the presence of pesticide residues in fruit after and during harvest. Exposure to food pesticide residues through the diet can
negatively affect the central nervous system, the cardiovascular system and respiratory system. For these reasons, monitoring the
presence of pesticides in food is of great importance. The aim of this study was to evaluate the residues of pesticides in apples
from Resen. The UPLC-TQ/MS method was used for determining pesticide residues. The pesticide residue is extracted with
QuEChERS. From the total number of samples, it was noted that in the apples from the Evla location, the most abundant
pesticide is chlorpyrifos with 20 %, then pyrimethanil and dimethoate with 13.33 %, in comparison with other pesticides etc. In
apples from the Kriveni location, the most common pesticides are tebuconazole and omethoate with 13.16% in comparison with
other pesticides. The permissible pesticide residue level in foods is an important criterion for food safety. Future longer term
studies are required in this area and would help attain a deeper knowledge about the fruit production with respect to the use of
pesticides and their presence in samples.
Keywords: pesticides, chlorpyrifos, dimethoate, apples
Pyrimethanil
QuEChERS
Pesticide degradation
Omethoate
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Pesticide application
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Abstract Newly available data from USDA's Pesticide Data Program allow us to trace pesticide residues on fruits and vegetables to their sources among various uses. We show that pesticide residues come from four sources: on-farm pesticide use; post-harvest pesticide use; pesticide use on imported food; and canceled pesticides that persist in the environment. Post-harvest pesticides account for the largest share of residue detections. Farmers' pest control choices influence consumers' dietary intake of pesticides, but the way in which food is marketed and the history of pest management techniques used on farms may have a greater influence. For pesticides that U.S. farmers currently use, the data show the geographic sources of residues and the extent to which use contributes to dietary intake risks. This information could be used to target development of pest control alternatives more narrowly. However, research to develop on-farm pest control alternatives will not address all pesticide residue risks in consumers' diets.
Pesticide application
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Tomato contributes the highest percent to the fruit and vegetables consumed in Tanzania. Its high consumption is attributed to the presence of bioactive compounds and vitamins known to prevent non-communicable diseases. Pesticides used to control pests and diseases cause direct accumulation of pesticide residues in food. Consumption of pesticide contaminated tomato increases the risk of pesticide exposure. This review is on types of pesticides used in tomato production, health effects of pesticides, levels of pesticide residues in tomatoes, dietary pesticide exposure, awareness on pesticides effects and preventive measures as well as policies governing pesticide use in Tanzania. Clearly, there is evidence of extensive use of pesticides in tomato production, limited knowledge regarding pesticide use, as well as weak regulatory framework for pesticide use. Importantly, levels of pesticide residues in tomatoes consumed in Tanzania exceed the recommended maximum residual limits. In order to assure pesticide safety of food, there is a need to identify and control farmers' practices which are highly associated with pesticide contamination in tomatoes. Key words: Contamination, exposure, pesticide, residues, tomato.
Pesticide application
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There is a basic lack of information about the presence of pesticide residues in apples obtained from farms in Slovakia collaborating with baby food producer. Residues of several pesticides (widely used for the protection on apple trees) have been determined in apples (a common raw material for the baby food production and baby food) from Slovakia (agricultural area in the South of Slovakia). The analysis of the pesticides was performed by gas chromatography on CP-Sil 5 CB (15 m long, 0.15 mm I.D., film thickness 0.15 μm) with normal bore retention gap (1 m long, 0.32 mm I.D.) using the subsequent determination with MS detector in SIM mode, after the acetonitrile extraction of the pesticide residues from apples, the clean-up and preconcentration steps of samples with SPE-NH2. For the study pesticides belonging to various groups were selected, such as organophosporus pesticides, oximinoacetates, anilinopyrimidines, triazoles, and triazines pyrethroids. The GC-MS analysis of pesticide residues in all samples searched showed that most of the detected and quantified residues were below 10 μg/kg which corresponds to the maximum residual limit for pesticide residues in baby food.
Baby food
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