Using PET with the opioidergic ligand [11C]diprenorphine, the authors demonstrate decreased tracer binding in the pineal gland of cluster headache patients vs healthy volunteers. Opioid receptor availability in the hypothalamus and cingulate cortex depended on the duration of the headache disorder. Therefore, the pathophysiology of cluster headache may relate to opioidergic dysfunction in circuitries generating the biologic clock.
Recently published methods for motion correction in neurological PET include the multiple acquisition frame (MAF) and LOR rebinning methods. The aim of the present work was to compare the accuracy of reconstructions obtained with these methods when multiple, arbitrary movements were applied to a Hoffman brain phantom during 3D list mode acquisition. A reflective target attached to the phantom enabled a Polaris optical motion tracking system to monitor the phantom position and orientation in the scanner coordinate frame. The motion information was used in the motion correction algorithms. The MAF method was applied to the list-mode data after sorting them into a series of dynamic frames, while the LOR rebinning method was applied directly to the list-mode data. A proportion of the list mode events had to be discarded during rebinning because the application of the corrective spatial transformation removed them from the 3D projection space. A correction for these 'lost' events was implemented as a global post-reconstruction scale factor, based on the overall fraction of lost events. Reconstructions from both motion correction methods were compared with a motion-free reference scan of the same phantom. Motion correction produced a marked improvement in image clarity and reduced errors with respect to the reference scan. LOR rebinning with global loss correction was found to be more accurate than the MAF method
PET studies of cerebral neuroreceptors are often recorded over periods ranging from 1 to 2 h, and head movements during the studies not only lead to blurred images but also may seriously disturb the kinetic analysis. We report the effect of motion on parametric images of the distribution volume ratio (DVR), as well as possible improvements if the dynamic PET data are corrected for head movements.The study was performed with the 5-hydroxytryptamine 2A receptor ligand (18)F-altanserin. During PET scanning, which was performed in list mode for 1 h, the position of the head was monitored by an infrared motion-tracking system. The list mode data were sorted into time frames of between 10 s and 2 min. Motion was corrected using the multiple-acquisition-frame (MAF) approach, which calculates individual attenuation files for each emission frame and its corresponding head position to avoid misalignment of transmission and emission data. After reconstruction of attenuation-corrected emission frames, each image frame was realigned to match the head position of the first frame of the emission scan. The resulting motion-corrected dynamic images were evaluated using the noninvasive Logan plot to obtain parametric images of DVR.DVR images of motion-affected (18)F-altanserin scans showed artifacts whose extent depended on the amount of movement. The artifacts were mainly at the border between gray matter and white matter and at the outer border of gray matter. They were seen as discontinuities and small spots whose values exceeded the expected DVR values or were even negative and that disappeared when motion correction was applied. These effects in human data were also seen on simulated (18)F-altanserin images that contained no statistical noise.Whereas the native PET images looked just blurred if the patient moved during the PET scan, parametric images of the Logan DVR, which are calculated by pixelwise linear regression, contained severe discontinuities primarily at the cortical edge. MAF-based motion correction was able to avoid these errors.
