Objective To analyze epidemiological characteristics and trends of the new reported HIV/AIDS infected people in Xincai County of Henan Province,and provide with a scientific basis for the development of AIDS prevention strategies. Methods Based on 2006- 2011 HIV / AIDS surveillance,detection data for statistical analysis. Results Between 2006- 2011,there were 531 cases were founded. And 118 cases were confirmed and reported HIV positive,413 were AIDS patients. Transmission routes to enter the blood / blood products,accounting for 43. 13%; followed by heterosexual transmission( the marital sexual transmitted 131 cases,38 cases of extra-marital sexual propagation),accounting for 31. 83%; paid blood collection and transmission accounted for 12. 24%; mother-to-child transmission accounts for 5. 08%; homosexual transmission accounts for 0. 75%; intravenous drug accounting for 0. 38%; accounted for 6. 59% by other unknown. Conclusion The focus of county prevention and control of AIDS should strengthen thematic survey of blood / blood products before 1995,detection of cases in time and strengthen the single male spouse,positive women of childbearing age, widowed positive intervention management,prevention marriagesexual transmission,while active in the high-risk behavior interventions to reduce the incidence of sexually transmitted.
In order to clarify the suitable row spacing of wheat with different planting densities under early sowing,a field experiment with 2planting density of basic seedlings 180×104 plants·hm-2(D1)and 240×104 plants·hm-2(D2)and 4row spacing of 17cm(R1),20cm(R2),23cm(R3)and 26cm(R4)was conducted to study the effects of row spacing and density on the growth,photosynthesis and yield of wheat.The results showed that D1 density with R1 row spacing and D2 density with R2 row spacing under early sowing had the highest values of plant height,internode length,leaf chlorophyll content,leaf area index,population dry matter weight,photosynthetic rate,stomatal conductance,transpiration rate,canopy photosynthetical active radiation and yield of wheat.Under the same row spacing,the plant height,internode length,chlorophyll content,photosynthetic indexes at flower and filling stages of D1 were higher than that of D2,while the leaf area index,population dry matter weight,canopy photosynthetically active radiation,spike number and yield of D1 were lower than that of D2.So,the reasonable combination of planting density and row spacing can improve growth and achieve high yield of wheat under early sowing in Huaibei area of Anhui province.Under this experimental condi-tion,the suitable basic seedling and row spacing for early sowing wheat were 240×104 plants·hm-2and 20 cm,respectively.
In order to understand the impact of sowing date and density on photosynthetic effect and yield of wheat,the effect of six sowing dates and four kinds of planting densities on wheat variety of Yannong 19( Semi-winter and inclined to winterness) was studied. The results showed that the leaf area index of wheat at heading and middle of filling stages was increased with the increasing of planting density under the same sowing date,and the sowing dates of October 10( S2,normal sowing date) and October 17( S3,moderately late sowing) had the highest values. Under the same planting density,the highest values of chlorophyll content at different growth stages and each chlorophyll fluorescence parameter( Fo,Fm,Fv/ Fm,ETR and ΦpsⅡ) at middle of filling stage were all appeared at the sowing dates of October 10 and October 17,and they decreased with the increasing of plant density under the same sowing date. The photosynthetic rate,stomatal conductance,intercellular CO2concentration and transpiration rate of wheat were obviously influenced by sowing date and planting density,and they performed the best under reasonable sowing date of October 10 and October 17 and suitable density of 120 × 104/ ha and 210 × 104/ ha. The two-year high yield combinations of sowing date and density were S2M1,S2M2,S3M1 and S3M2,and the yields of 2011 were 7 892. 8,7 978. 6,7 996. 2,8 020. 6 kg / ha,of 2012 were 7 911. 5,7 978. 6,7 970. 1,8 032. 9 kg / ha,respectively.Correlation analysis revealed that the leaf area index of wheat had a quadratic parabola relationship with yield,and chlorophyll content,photosynthetic rate and actual photochemical efficiency were positively correlated to yield with the shape of a straight line. The study indicated that the suitable sowing date of Yannong 19 in Huaibei area was October 10- October 17,and the reasonable density was the basic seedling 120- 210 × 104/ ha.
To deeply understand the effects of combined intercropping and straw mulching practices on crop yield improvement,a 2-factor filed experiment was carried out at the Red Soil Experimental Station of Jiangxi Agricultural University in Nanchang City,Jiangxi Province,China.The experimental design consisted of eight treatments(i.e.,2 × 4) with two planting patterns [maize monoculture(M),maize/soybean intercropping(I)] and four straw mulch levels [0(S0),4 000 kg·hm-2(S1),8 000 kg·hm-2(S2) and 12 000 kg·hm-2(S3)].The study mainly investigated maize leaf traits,leaf physiological characteristics,photosynthetic characteristics and yield to learn the effects of different straw mulching levels and intercropping patterns on various maize traits.The results showed that mulching and intercropping increased maize leaf length,leaf width and green leaf area per plant.The difference between mulching treatments(S2 and S3 treatments) and non-mulching treatment(S0) was significant at P 0.05.Moreover,the effects of straw mulching on the studied maize traits were more significant than those of intercropping.While maize leaf water content was little influenced by intercropping,it was significantly influenced by straw mulching.Intercropping and mulching increased leaf nitrogen content.Compared with S0 treatment,S3 treatment increased leaf nitrogen content by 25.6% and 56.6% under M treatment,and 30.0% and 42.9% under I treatment respectively at grain filling and maturity stages.The difference between S3 and S0 treatments was significant.Mulching and intercropping increased chlorophyll content in maize leaves and the effects of straw mulching were greater than those of intercropping.However,the effects of mulching decreased with increasing levels of straw mulching.Both mulching and intercropping enhanced photosynthetic characteristics of maize ear leaf.Compared with M treatment,I treatment respectively increased photosynthetic rate,stomatal conductance and transpiration rate by 13.1%,42.3% and 39.3% at grain filling stage and 46.8%,31.2% and 24.5% at maturity stage under S0 treatment.Concurrently,intercropping respectively reduced intercellular CO2 concentration by 20.8% and 18.4% at grain filling and maturity stages of maize.The difference between monoculture and intercropping under S0 treatment was significant at P 0.05.While maize yield was obviously influenced by both mulching and intercropping,the effect of straw mulching was greater than that of intercropping.The findings demonstrated that straw mulching and intercropping were critical for improving maize leaf traits,physiological characteristics and yield.However,the effect of straw mulching decreased with increasing levels of straw mulching,and the effect of intercropping was less obvious than that of straw mulching.
To clarify the suitable quantity of straw mulching for maize production in Huaibei area,an experiment with different straw mulching levels M0( 0 kg / ha),M1( 3 000 kg / ha),M2( 6 000 kg / ha),M3( 9 000 kg / ha),M4( 12 000 kg / ha),M5( 15 000 kg / ha) and M6( 18 000 kg / ha) was conducted to study the effects of straw mulching on maize growth,photosynthesis and yield. The results showed that the internode length and plant height of maize presented a change trend of first increased and then decreased with increasing straw mulching levels,and M4 had the highest values. The suitable straw mulching quantity significantly increased chlorophyll density and green leaf area per plant of maize,but when the straw mulching level increased to a certain extent the difference in effect of straw mulching between different straw mulching quantity was no longer obvious. The population dry matter weight of maize was also obviously affected by straw mulching,and M4 had the highest values,when compared to M0 and M6,the population dry matter weight was increased by 24. 6%,17. 2%,13. 7%,8. 6% and 2. 0%,2. 3%,1. 9%,0. 8% respectively at big trumpet stage,silking stage,middle of filling stage and maturity stage. The chlorophyll fluorescence parameter of maize was also obviously affected by straw mulching,the chlorophyll fluorescence parameter of Fm,Fv / Fm,ΦpsⅡand ETR of M4 was significant higher than that of M0,while Fo was significant lower than that of M0. The yield of maize had a change trend of first increased and then decreased with increasing straw mulching levels,and the yield of M4( 10 186. 8 kg / ha) was the highest,M0( 9 365. 1 kg / ha) was the lowest. Correlation analysis revealed that the chlorophyll density,green leaf area per plant,population dry matter weight,and actual pho-tochemical efficiency were all significantly positively correlated to yield with the shape of a straight line. All the findings revealed that the suitable straw mulching quantity for maize in Huaibei area was 12 000 kg / ha,while there will be some bad effects on increasing yield when the straw mulching quantity was too high or too low.
A potexperimentwas conducted to study the effectof different strawmulching levels and root interaction in maize/soybean intercropping system on maize.The results showed that straw mulching and root interaction increased the green leaf area permaize plant atmaturity stage and the chlorophyll contentof differentgrowth stages,and the effect of root interactionwas enhanced with the increase of strawmulching level.The plantwater content and the root bleeding sap of maize atmaturity stage were significantly affected by mulching,but not affected(P0.05)by root interaction. Mulching and root interaction increased the photosynthetic rate,stomatal conductance,transpiration rate of maize,and reduced the intercellular CO2 concentration.With the same rootseparation,the differencesbetween the treatments T1 and T0 were significant.Mulching and root interaction improved maize yield components,and increased biological and economic yields perplantatmaturity stage.Correlation analysis revealed thatthe green leaf area permaize plant,the chlorophyll content,the root bleeding sap rate,and the photosynthetic rate were all linearly positive correlated with maize yield.In conclusion,the mulching and root interaction improved maize physiological characteristics and increased yield. The beneficial effect of root interaction was enhanced with the increase of the strawmulching level.
A pot experiment with five treatments of soil water content was conducted to study the effect of different soil water content on photosynthetic physiology and yield of wheat.The results showed that the plant height,internode length of wheat at maturity stage and the green leaf area per stem at booting stage and flowering stage were gradually increased with the increasing of soil water content,and the treatment of W5(80%-90%of field moisture capacity)with slightly higher soil water content had the highest values.The chlorophyll content at booting stage,flowering stage and middle of filling stage of W4(70%-80%of field moisture capacity)with suitable soil water content was higher than that of W5,which indicated that slightly higher soil water content was not conducive to increase wheat chlorophyll content.The photosynthetic characteristics of wheat was improved with the increasing of soil water content,W4 had the optimal photosynthetic characteristics and followed byW5,when compared to W1(40%-50% of field moisture capacity)and W2(50%-60% of field moisture capacity),the photosynthetic rate of W4 was significantly increased by 35.5% and 26.7%.The chlorophyll fluorescence parameters of Fo,Fm,ΦpsII,ETR and qPhad a change trend of initial increase and then decrease with the increasing of soil water content,the values of W4 were the highest and followed by W5.The treatment of W4 had the highest economic yield,and the treatment of W5 had the highest biological yield,when compared to W1,the economic yield per stem,biological yield per stem,economic yield per pot and biological yield per pot were significantly increased by 98.6%,52.1%,311.2% and 197.7%,respectively.All the findings demonstrated that plant height,green leaf area per stem and biological yield of the treatment of slightly higher soil water content were higher than those of the treatment of suitable soil water content,while the chlorophyll content at middle and late growth stage,chlorophyll fluorescence parameters,photosynthetic rate and economic yield were lower than those of suitable soil water content.
In order to explore the suitable sowing date and density in main wheat production area of Huaibei,the effects of six sowing dates of S1(October 3),S2(October 10),S3(October 17),S4(October 24),S5(October 31),S6(November 7)and four planting densities of D1(120×104 plants·hm-2),D2(210×104 plants·hm-2),D3(300×104 plants·hm-2),D4(390×104 plants·hm-2)on physiological characteristics and yield of Wanmai 52(semi-winter)was studied.The results indicated that the highest dry matter weight of wheat population was the combination of S2D4 and S3D4 at heading stage,and of S2D3 and S3D3 at maturity.The leaf area index of wheat at filling stage increased with the increasing of planting density,and the highest values were observed at the sowing dates of S2 and S3.Under the same planting density,the highest values of chlorophyll content at each growth stage and each chlorophyll fluorescence parameter(Fo,Fm,Fv/Fm,ETR andΦPSII)at fillingstage of wheat were all appeared at the sowing dates of S2 and S3,while they were all decreased with the increasing of planting density under the same sowing date.The highest yield of Wanmai 52 was observed in the combination of S2D2,S2D3,S3D2 and S3D3,and was 7 790.5,8 122.4,7 826.4and8 261.1kg·hm-2,respectively.This study suggested that the suitable sowing date of Wanmai52in main wheat production area of Huaibei was October 10~October 17,and the suitable planting density was the basic seedling 210×104~300×104 plants·hm-2,the recommended combinations of sowing date and density of the similar wheat varieties were S2D2,S2D3,S3D2and S3D3.
This paper redefine the intelligence capital function, it point out the intelligence capital to have the material, the spirit, policy function etc. It set up the molds to analysis the central government, local government, individual intelligence capital investment policy, and find the central government must according to the local government investment hobby, individual actual condition, the government subsidize lead the various investment on the intelligence capital.
