Abstract Diplocyclos palmatus (L.) C. Jeffrey is an important medicinal plant used in several reproductive medicines. It serves as a wide source of tetracyclic triterpens called cucurbitacins. Response surface methodology (RSM) with Box-Behnken design (BBD) was studied to optimize the production of cucurbitacins. RSM put forth the ideal conditions such as 1:30 SS ratio (g/mL), 80 rpm (mixing extraction speed), 150 µm mean particle size, 30 min extraction time and 50 ° C using chloroform in continuous shaking extraction (CSE) and showed the highest cucurbitacin I (CUI) content (2.345 ± 0.1686 mg/g DW). Similarly, the highest yield of cucurbitacin B (CUB) (1.584 ± 0.15 mg/g DW) was recorded at ideal conditions (1:40 g/mL SS ratio and 60 min time and others similar to CUI). Among the tested extraction methods, the highest CUI, CUB, and CUI + B yield (1.437 ± 0.03, 0.782 ± 0.10, 2.17 ± 0.35 mg/g DW, respectively) as well as promising DPPH radical scavenging activity (25.06 ± 0.1 µgAAE/g DW) were recorded from the SBAE (steam bath assisted extraction). In addition, MAE and UAE revealed the highest inhibition of α-amylase (68.68%) and α-glucosidase (56.27%) enzymes, respectively. Fruit extracts showed potent anticancer activity against breast (MCF-7) and colon (HT-29) cancer cell lines (LC 50 – 44.27 and 46.88 µg/mL, respectively). Our study proved that SS ratio, particle size and temperature were the most positively influencing variables and served to be the most efficient for the highest recovery of CUI and CUB. Based on the present study, the fruits of D. palmatus were revealed as a potent antioxidant, anti-diabetic and anticancer bio-resource that could be explored further to develop novel drug to manage diabetes, cancer and oxidative stress related disorders.
Objective: The aim of the present study was to evaluate the phytochemicals and antioxidant activity of leaf and fruit of wild Bottle gourd. Methods: Successive extraction of dried material was done by soxhlet apparatus and phytochemicals such as total p..
Bacopa floribunda (Family: Plantaginaceae) is used in folklore medicines for the management of cognitive dysfunction. It has nootropic, antiaging, anti-inflammatory, anti-cholinesterase, and antioxidant properties. We developed an efficient and reproducible protocol for in vitro propagation of B. floribunda using the nodal explants. We assessed the effects of Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium fortified with various plant growth regulatory substances (PGRs), a precursor, and elicitors and their optimal combinations on regeneration and production of total saponins, triterpenoid saponin glycosides (bacoside A3, bacopaside X, bacopaside II, and bacosaponin C), and stigmasterol content in in vitro grown biomass of B. floribunda. The growth of the shoots and roots was stimulated by MS + 2.0 mg/l BAP + 2.0 mg/l KIN and MS + 0.5 mg/l IAA + 0.5 mg/l IBA + 1.0 mg/l NAA, respectively. After 10 weeks of acclimatization, plantlets of B. floribunda had a survival rate of 95%. The highest total saponin content (35.95 ± 0.022 mg DE/g DW) was noted in the treatment of MS + 2.0 mg/l BAP + 1.5 μM SQ. Similarly, total triterpenoid saponin glycosides and stigmasterol were found maximum in biomass derived from MS + 2.0 mg/l BAP + 1.5 μM SQ and MS + 2.0 mg/l BAP, respectively. At the same treatments, bacoside A3 (1.01 ± 0.195 mg/g DW), bacopaside II (43.62 ± 0.657 mg/g DW), bacopaside X (1.23 ± 0.570 mg/g DW), bacosaponin C (0.19 ± 0.195 mg/g DW), and stigmasterol (7.69 ± 0.102 mg/g DW) were reported. The present findings will help to highlight B. floribunda as a potent memory-enhancing herb, and in future also, it could be a potential substitute to B. monnieri. The current work is the first to describe the micropropagation and the elicited production of bioactive metabolites from the in vitro grown biomass of B. floribunda. In addition, further research is needed on production of bioactives, their pharmacological effects, and the elicited production using callus, cell suspension, and hairy root cultures.
In current study, we accepted out a systematic record of the relative antioxidant activity in selected medicinal plant species extracts. The total phenol varied from 25.3±7 to 278.4±7 mg g-1 in the extracts. Flavonoid contents were between 56±4.4 and 80.3±3.7. 1, 1-diphenyl-2-picryl hydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging result of the extracts was determined spectrophotometrically. The maximum radical scavenging consequence was observed in Metha pulegiam (Lamiacea) with IC50 = 0.018 mg ml-1. The strength of radical scavenging power of Metha pulegiam extract was about 4 times better than synthetic antioxidant butylated hydroxy toluene (BHT). The superior amount of phenolic compounds leads to further potent radical scavenging result as shown by Metha pulegiam leaves extract.
Barleria terminalis Nees and Calacanthus grandiflorus (Dalzell) Radlk. are endemic medicinal plants of the Western Ghats of India. The aim of the present research work was to investigate phytochemical profile, potent bioactives using RP-HPLC, LC-MS and GC-MS and to evaluate their bioactivities. Acetone was found to be the best extraction medium for separating phytochemicals. Similarly, acetone and methanol extracts exhibited potential antioxidant properties. Ethanol extract of B. terminalis stem showed potent acetylcholinesterase (AChE) (89.10 ± 0.26%) inhibitory activity. Inhibition of α-amylase (36.96 ± 2.96%) activity was observed the best in ethanol extract of B. terminalis leaves and α-glucosidase inhibitory activity (94.33 ± 0.73%) in ethanol extract of C. grandiflorus stem. RP-HPLC analysis confirmed the presence of several phenolic compounds (gallic acid, hydroxybenzoic acid, vanillic acid, chlorogenic acid and coumaric acid) and phenylethanoid glycoside (verbascoside). The highest phenolics content were observed in B. terminalis (GA (4.17 ± 0.002), HBA (3.88 ± 0.001), VA (4.54 ± 0.001), CHLA (0.55 ± 0.004) mg/g DW, respectively). Similarly, LC-MS and GC-MS revealed the presence of phenolics, glycosides, terpenes, steroids, fatty acids, etc. Moreover, positive correlation between studied phytochemicals and antioxidants was observed in principal component analysis. Based on the present investigation, we conclude that B. terminalis and C. grandiflorus can be further explored for their active principles particularly, phenylethanoid glycosides and iridoids and their use in drug industry for pharmaceutical purposes.
Aquilaria malaccensis Lam. [Syn.: Aquilaria agallochum (Lour.) Roxb. ex Finl., A. moluccensis Oken, A. secundaria Rumph. ex DC., Agallochum malaccense (Lam.) Kuntze, Aloexylum agallochum Lour. and Aquilariella malaccensis (Lam.) Tiegh.] is known as Agaru, Agar, Sanchi or Hanchi in Assamese (Saikia and Khan, 2012). It is widely distributed in India, Bangladesh, Myanmar, Bhutan, Malaysia, Indonesia, Philippines, Singapore, Thailand, and Iran (Oldfield et al., 1998). In India, it is located in the foothills of all northeastern states (Assam, Manipur, Arunachal Pradesh, Mizoram, Nagaland, Tripura, and Meghalaya and Sikkim) and West Bengal (Barden et al., 2000). Due to over-exploitation for commercial purposes, it is listed as a critically endangered (IUCN, 2009).
Bergena ciliata (Haw.) Strnb. [B. ligulata var. cliata (Royle) Engl. and B. thysanodes (Lindl.) C. K. Schneid.] is distributed in temperate Himalayas from Afghanistan to Southeast Tibet (Pokhrel et al., 2014a; Ruby et al., 2012). Plant has different vernacular names like Amabhedaka (Sanskrit); Patharkuchi (Assamese); Patharkuchi, Himasagara, and Patrankur (Bengali); Pashanbheda and Pakhanbheda (Gujrati); Pakhanabheda, Silphara, Patharcua, Pakhanabhed, Silpbheda, Sadpottar, Dhoklumbo, patharchat, Pandamdawi, and Laoo-patra (Hindi); Alepgaya, Pasanaberu, Pahanbhedi, Hittulaka, and Hittaga (Kannada); Pashanbhed and Batweyaa (Kashmiri); Kallurvanchi, Kallurvanni, and Kallorvanchi (Malayalam); Pashanbheda (Marathi); Pasanbhedi and Pashanabheda (Oriya); Kachalu and Pashanbhed (Punjabi); Sirupilai (Tamil) and Kondapindi (Telugu) (Ahmad et al., 2018).
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