In this paper, Bayes' theorem is used in selection of global positioning system (GPS) satellites. By selecting the most reliable satellites among all visible satellites, system performance can be improved by fusing together information from multiple sources. This requires reliable modeling of the satellites by means of probabilities and probability distributions. Reliable satellite modeling requires a comprehensive set of parameters that gives the best possible satellite state representation. A measure of satellite appropriateness can then be calculated by applying Bayesian probabilistic reasoning to a parameter combination. Performance of the suggested method is verified by simulations.
"Said a Word, Uttered Thus":Structures and Functions of Parallelism in Arhippa Perttunen's Poems Jukka Saarinen (bio) Parallelism is one of the most outstanding features of the Finnic (or Balto-Finnic) tradition of oral poetry that is found throughout areas of present-day Estonia, Finland, and adjacent parts of Russia. Performers of this poetry speak several different but closely related languages: Finnish, Karelian, Ingrian, Votic, Estonian, and Seto. Nevertheless, the poetic idiom, or register, is quite uniform, sharing the basic characteristics of meter, non-stanzaic structure, alliteration, and parallelism, with some anticipated regional variation.1 It has various names in different languages. In Finland and Karelia, the most common designation is Kalevala-metric or kalevalaic poetry2 or runolaulu ("runo song").3 In Estonia it is usually called regilaul or regivärss.4 The poetic form has a strikingly broad range of uses for diverse genres, such as narrative poems, lyric and ritual songs, recited incantations, proverbs, and riddles. Many genres were connected to different sorts of social situations or discourse functions and a variety of modes of performance that also varied regionally. Across diverse communities and language areas where this poetry was documented as a living tradition, the poetic form exhibits great dynamism in its continuities and historical endurance in contrast to its range of uses in different practices. When considering variation in the poetic form, the most significant historical factor has been changes in language and dialect. In both western regions of Finland and to the south near the Gulf of Finland, words became somewhat shorter, but further south in Estonia the shortening of words was greater and began earlier. The metrical form historically was based on a trochaic tetrameter with flexibility in the first foot, which means that a basic line had eight syllables, although an extra syllable or two could be added in the first two positions. Alliteration is another distinctive feature in kalevalaic poems, although it is not technically required within every verse line. There are two kinds of alliteration in these poems: in "strong alliteration," words begin with the same vowel, as in Ulappalan ukko vanha, or with the same consonant followed by the same vowel, as in Vaka vanha Väinämöini; in "weak alliteration," only the first consonant is repeated, as in Vihannalla vainivolla. Changes in the lengths of words and other phonological changes increase variation in the syllabic rhythm of the tetrameter to different degrees on a regional basis, while the shortening of words allows more words to be used in a line, which can enhance alliteration in some regions (see Sarv 2008:171-183 and Frog and Stepanova 2011:198-204). Semantic parallelism in this poetic form has also been observed to vary somewhat between the northern and southern regional divisions previously mentioned, with an increase in repetition of sounds and words across parallel lines in the southern region, but this has been suggested to be related to the increase in the number of words possible in parallel lines where words become shorter (Sarv 1999:131-32). Background of Research In Finnish research, parallelism has been recognized for a long time. Henrik Gabriel Porthan, an eighteenth-century scholar who wrote an influential study of Finnish poetry, De Poesi Fennica (1766-88), dedicated a substantial part of his presentation to parallelism. He calls it "repetition of thought"; according to Porthan (1766:22), parallelism was considered "quite indispensable" in this poetry. Other scholars have dealt with parallelism in their writings. Elias Lönnrot (1802-84), compiler of the Finnish national epic Kalevala (1835 and 1849), wrote extensively on metrics and alliteration in poetry, for example, in the preface of Kalevala, but he failed to write on parallelism. Lönnrot's lack of discussion on this topic is more striking because he expanded the use of parallelism in Kalevala much more than it was found in original folk poetry (Steinitz 1934:17 and Krohn 1918:73). Discussions of parallelism in the northern form of this Finnic tradition were given a central position in international discussions on parallelism by the German linguist Wolfgang Steinitz in his study Der Parallelismus in der Finnisch-Karelischen Volksdichtung ("Parallelism in Finno-Karelian Folk Poetry"). Steinitz studied...
PurposeTo determine the risk of aneurysm rupture in patients with persisting proximal type Ia endoleaks following endovascular aneurysm repair (EVAR) in comparison to the risk of rupture of untreated abdominal aortic aneurysms (AAA) of similar size.MethodsAmong 400 patients who where treated with EVAR from 1996 to 2003 at a single center, 21 (5.3%) patients (13 men; mean age 78.0±5.0 years, range 67–86) with large (≥5.5 cm) aneurysms had imaging evidence of type Ia endoleaks that persisted >10 months (type Ia group) despite secondary endovascular treatment. These patients were compared to 24 untreated AAA patients (17 men; mean age 73.8±5.2 years, range 64–88) with large aneurysms from a separate geographic region with a well-established aneurysm treatment program before EVAR became available (1990–1998).ResultsThere were no significant differences between the type Ia and the untreated AAA patients with regard to age (79±8 vs. 74±5 years), gender (38% vs. 29% women), baseline aneurysm diameter (6.1±0.7 vs. 6.4±0.9 cm), or length offollow-up (32±23 vs. 29±40 months). During the follow-up period, the rate of aneurysm enlargement was significantly lower in type Ia patients (0.19 cm/y) than in untreated AAA patients (0.54 cm/y, p=0.03). One (4.8%) patient with a persisting type Ia endoleak and 2-cm aneurysm enlargement (0.8 cm/y) had aneurysm rupture after 2.5 years, while 12 (50%) of the 24 untreated aneurysms ruptured (p=0.001), which was the primary cause of death in this group. The rupture rate was 1.8 per 100 patient-years in the type Ia group and 20.7 per 100 patient-years in the untreated AAA group. Aneurysm-related mortality was significantly reduced in the type Ia group compared to the untreated AAA group at 36 months (11% vs. 52%, p=0.004). In the multivariate analysis, factors associated with death were an untreated AAA (odds ratio 97, p=0.004), female gender (odds ratio 9.7, p=0.02), and baseline aneurysm size (odds ratio 4.7/cm, p=0.03).ConclusionThis study suggests that EVAR may reduce the risk of rupture and aneurysm-related death despite the presence of a persisting type Ia endoleak. This finding is limited to patients with aortic endografts that are in good position. The mechanism of protection from rupture is unclear but may be related to reducing the rate of aneurysm enlargement.
Modeling and prediction of temporal sequences is central to many signal processing and machine learning applications. Prediction based on sequence history is typically performed using parametric models, such as fixed-order Markov chains ( n -grams), approximations of high-order Markov processes, such as mixed-order Markov models or mixtures of lagged bigram models, or with other machine learning techniques. This paper presents a method for sequence prediction based on sparse hyperdimensional coding of the sequence structure and describes how higher order temporal structures can be utilized in sparse coding in a balanced manner. The method is purely incremental, allowing real-time online learning and prediction with limited computational resources. Experiments with prediction of mobile phone use patterns, including the prediction of the next launched application, the next GPS location of the user, and the next artist played with the phone media player, reveal that the proposed method is able to capture the relevant variable-order structure from the sequences. In comparison with the n -grams and the mixed-order Markov models, the sparse hyperdimensional predictor clearly outperforms its peers in terms of unweighted average recall and achieves an equal level of weighted average recall as the mixed-order Markov chain but without the batch training of the mixed-order model.
The following three factors, primarily postulated by Virchow, are most important in the pathophysiology of deep venous thrombosis (DVT)[10]: Injury of vessel wall Abnormalities of blood (coagulation disorders) Abnormalities of blood flow (stasis). There are multiple risk factors for DVT, but the inde- pendence and magnitude of each are unclear [10,11, 12,34 ]: Increasing age Cancer Coagulation disorder Smoking Obesity Oestrogen substitution Surgery (hip or knee arthroplasty,cancer surgery in the abdominopelvic area, neurosurgery) Trauma Immobilization (air-related DVT) Previous DVT. Calf veins are the most common site of thrombus [20]. Acute DVT is more frequently left-sided, and this phenomenon can be noted more clearly in proximal DVTs. Acute DVT affects vein segments from calf to iliac level in 5%of cases (iliofemoral DVT). Postoperative DVT is restricted to calf veins in 80% [21]. Propagation into more proximal veins may occur in 5–15% [16]. The annual incidence of DVT is 5 per 10,000 in the general population. The 5-year cumulative incidence of recurrent DVT is approximately 20%. Prevalence of DVT is 0.5% at age 50 years and 4.5% at age 75 years. Therisk of DVT increases twofold during each 10-year increase in age [9,11]. Without prophylaxis, the incidence of postoperative cDVT is 40–80%in patients undergoing large ortho- cpaedic surgery. The corresponding numbers in general csurgery are 20–40%. In vascular surgery, several Du- cplex or venography-based studies have shown that the crate of DVT is 18–32%after abdominal or lower limb creconstructions. Postoperative DVT has been noted in c12%of the legs after abdominal vascular surgery de- cspite medical prophylaxis [10]. Superficial thrombophlebitis may be associated with DVT. In legs with large-scale thrombophlebitis involv- ing the saphenofemoral or saphenopopliteal junction, DVT may be present in as much as 40%of cases [10].
Findings of venous insufficiency in the lower limb can usually be detected in connection with venous edema. Realization of compression therapy requires a prescription for stockings, motivation and guidance. In specialized care, correlating the edema and venous symptoms with color Doppler ultrasonography findings is essential. In addition to the assessment of the venous status, functioning of the calf muscle pump should be assessed more profoundly. Impeding symptoms of venous insufficiency or a complicated situation are an indication for invasive treatment. Venous return found in connection with mere edema symptoms or lymphedema is not an indication for invasive treatment.
