Abstract Stellaria media Vill. is widely distributed throughout the world and traditionally used to treat inflammatory, respiratory, heart and gastrointestinal diseases. This study was designed to phytochemically characterize and investigate the anti-ulcer activity of methanol extract of S. media (SME) on piroxicam (PRX)-induced gastric ulcer in rats. The plant extract was subjected to qualitative as well as quantitative analysis (HPLC and FT-IR) to elucidate the phytochemical composition of the extract. DPPH radical scavenging assay was done to determine in vitro antioxidant capacity. In 14 days of animal study, PRX (30 mg/kg, i.g.) was co-administered with omeprazole (OMP; 20 mg/kg, i.g.) as standard gastroprotective drug and SME at 150, 300 and 450 mg/kg, i.g., respectively. The gastric pH, acid volume, acidity, ulcer score, hematological parameters and serum levels of oxidants/antioxidants were determined along with histopathological studies of gastric tissue. Phytochemical analysis showed the presence of considerable phenolic and flavonoid contents which corroborated with a significant DPPH radical scavenging (IC 50 : 27.94 µg/mL) activity of extract. Administration of SME at 150, 300 and 450 mg/kg exhibited a dose-dependent gastroprotective effect evidenced by increased gastric pH and acidity but decreased gastric acid volume, decreased gastric ulcer score and ulcer index, reversed altered hematological parameters and oxidative stress markers (TOS, MDA, TAC and CAT). In addition, histopathological findings supported the aforementioned results. Conclusively this study suggests that Stellaria media possess promising gastroprotective activity against piroxicam-induced gastric ulcer.
HIGHLIGHTS Ricinus communis and Withania somnifera extracts contain considerable polyphenol compounds. R. communis and W. somnifera extracts showed significant in vitro antioxidant activities. R. communis and W. somnifera extracts markedly inhibited xylene-induced ear edema in rats. Both herbal extracts significantly reduced paw edema induced by egg albumin and carrageenan.
Rheumatoid arthritis is an autoimmune disease that mainly causes joint damage. The patient experiences loss of appetite, pain, fever, and fatigue. The present study was designed to phytochemically characterize and evaluate the anti-arthritic activity of green-synthesized copper oxide (CuO) nanoparticles (NPs) using the hydroalcoholic extract of
Gut microbiome, a new organ; represent targets to alter pharmacokinetics of orally administered drugs. Recently, in vitro trials endorsed the idea that orally administered drugs interact and some of their quantity may be taken up by normal microbiome during transit through gut. Such transport mechanisms in microbiome may compete for drug with the host itself. Currently, no data confirms specific transport system for paracetamol uptake by gut microbiome. In vivo trial was conducted in normal healthy male rats (n=36). Paracetamol was administered orally in a single dose of 75mg/kg to isolate microbial mass after transit of 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6 hours post drug administration. Paracetamol absorbance by microbiome was pursued by injecting extracted microbial lysate in RP-HPLC-UV with C18 column under isocratic conditions at 207nm using acetonitrile and water (25:75 v/v) pH 2.50 as mobile phase. Paracetamol absorbance (14.10±0.75μg/mg of microbial mass) and percent dose recovery (13.16±0.55%) seen at transit of 4 hours was significantly higher (P<0.05) compared to other groups. Study confirms the hypothesis of homology between membrane transporters of the gut microbiome and intestinal epithelium. Orally administered drugs can be absorbed by gut microbes competitively during transit in small intestine and it varies at various transit times.
Abstract Stellaria media (L.) Vill. is widely distributed throughout the world and is traditionally used to treat inflammatory, respiratory, cardiovascular, and gastrointestinal diseases. This study was designed to phytochemically characterize and investigate the anti-ulcer activity of methanol extract of S. media (SME) in piroxicam (PRX)-induced gastric ulcer in rats. The plant extract was subjected to qualitative as well as quantitative analysis (HPLC and FT-IR) to elucidate the phytochemical composition. In vitro , 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging assay was done to determine the antioxidant capacity. In 14 days of animal study, PRX (30 mg/kg, i.g.) was co-administered with omeprazole (OMP; 20 mg/kg, i.g.) as a standard gastroprotective drug and SME at 150, 300, and 450 mg/kg, i.g., respectively. The gastric pH, acid volume, acidity, ulcer score, hematological parameters, and serum levels of oxidants/antioxidants were determined along with histopathological studies of gastric tissue. Phytochemical analysis showed the presence of considerable phenolic and flavonoid contents which was corroborated with a significant DPPH radical scavenging (IC 50 : 27.94 µg/mL) activity of extract. Administration of SME at 150, 300, and 450 mg/kg exhibited a dose-dependent gastroprotective effect evidenced by an increase in gastric pH and acidity but a decrease in gastric acid volume, gastric ulcer score, and ulcer index. Treatment with SME normalized the altered hematological parameters and reduced the oxidative stress by decreasing serum levels of TOS and MDA, and increasing the TAC and CAT levels. In addition, histopathological findings supported the aforementioned results. This study concludes that Stellaria media has promising gastroprotective activity against PRX-induced gastric ulcer.
Liver's contribution to innate immunity is eminent. However, uncontrolled inflammatory conditions predispose the liver to immune-mediated injury. Nigella sativa L. is traditionally implicated in infectious, inflammatory, metabolic and hepatorenal complications. This study aimed to evaluate the protective role of N. sativa seed extract (NSE) against concanavalin A (ConA)-induced acute immunological liver injury in mice. In vitro, NSE was subjected to quantitative phytochemical characterization and 1,1-diphenyl-2-picryhydrazyl (DPPH) analysis. In vivo, male Balb/c mice were pretreated with NSE (100, 200 and 400 mg/kg/day, p.o.) and pioglitazone (5 mg/kg/day, p.o.) for seven consecutive days. A single dose of ConA (12 mg/kg, i.v.) was injected and samples were collected for biochemical, histopathological and qRT-PCR analyses after 8 h of ConA injection. In vitro analysis showed considerable quantities of polyphenols and significant DPPH scavenging ability of NSE. In mice, ConA resulted in a significant (p<0.05) increase in liver injury markers (ALT, AST, ALP and TBil) and hepatic oxidative stress (SOD, CAT and MDA). Also, a substantial elevation of pro-inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IL-1β and IL-6) in liver tissues was noticed. Furthermore, ConA markedly downregulated PPARγ and upregulated JAK2 and STAT3 expressions. In addition, considerably decreased expressions of Bcl-2 and increased Bax and Caspase-9 were observed. NSE demonstrated hepatoprotective effect in a dose-dependent manner through attenuating liver injury markers, oxidative stress parameters, pro-inflammatory cytokines levels as well as liver inflammation and hepatocyte apoptosis via modulating PPARγ/JAK2/STAT3 and Bcl-2/Bax/Caspase-9 pathways. Conclusively, the antioxidative, anti-inflammatory and anti-apoptotic actions of NSE could protect against acute immunological liver injury.
Depression is broadly acclaimed as a mental health anomaly and despite advancements in the development of antidepressant drugs, they are linked with side effects. Dietary modifications and medicinal plants like olives can be used as effective strategies due to their antioxidant, immune-modulatory, antiinflammatory, and anticonvulsant properties. Considering the compositional alterations in olive fruits during ripening, the antidepressant potential of olive fruits at different degrees of ripeness, that is, un-ripened (green) and ripened (black) was investigated. Rats were randomly divided into five groups: G0 (Normal diet), G1 (Normal diet + smoke exposure (SE), G2 (Normal diet + SE + Citalopram), G3 (Normal diet + SE + Green olive extract), and G4 (Normal diet + SE + Black olive extract). Depressive-like behaviors were induced in all groups through cigarette smoke exposure except G0 . Green and black olive extracts prevented depressive behaviors by reducing the immobility time of rats in forced swim test and tail suspension test while increased the latency to respond in hot plate assay. Moreover, lipid peroxidation in brain tissue was reduced with citalopram, green, and black olive extracts. Additionally, treatments also enhanced the antioxidant pool of brain tissues. Histological examination revealed that olive extracts and citalopram prevented cigarette smoke-induced moderate to severe necrosis and congestion in the brain parenchyma and elucidated antidepressant potential by improving the expression of monoamine oxidase-A, solute carrier family 6 member 4, and brain-derived neurotrophic factor genes. Conclusively, olives may act as a promising antidepressant agent in ameliorating cigarette smoke-induced depressive-like behaviors. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS: Olive extracts at both ripening stages revealed an antidepressant-like effect almost similar to the standard antidepressant drug and also prevented oxidative damages. Therefore, from the current findings, it can be recommended that food ingredients with antidepressant potential like olives should be incorporated in future interventions to combat depression/psychiatric anomalies and diet therapy should be encouraged to alleviate lifestyle-related disorders.
Micronutrients such as minerals and vitamins are required in a minute quantity but play a pivotal role in the functioning of the body. Therefore, deficiency in one of them can lead to lethal health conditions. Iron deficiency anaemia is one of the most common micronutrient deficiencies across the world and is affecting women and children.The present study aimed to investigate the anti-anaemic effect of fortified jamun leather on anaemia biomarkers and haematology in anaemic female Sprague Dawley rats. A total of 40 Sprague Dawley rats were used in 4 groups. Iron deficiency anaemia was induced by oral administration of the Asunra drug. The treatments were fed at two dosage levels i.e., 40 and 60% iron-fortified leather. All animals were treated for 60 days and the parameters including biochemical, and histopathology of the kidney and liver were examined.The experiment's findings showed that the group fed with iron-fortified leather (G3) succeeded significantly (P < 0.05) in restoring the serum iron (98.68 ± 2.88 μg/dL), haemoglobin (12.41 ± 0.32 g/dL), ferritin (24.54 ± 1.98 ng/mL) and haematocrit levels (39.30 ± 1.66%) at the end of the 60 days period. Additionally, the treated group's mean values for transferrin and total iron binding capacity were lower than those of the anaemic rats, indicating an improvement in iron levels. The microscopic analysis revealed that treatments had no toxic effects on the kidney and liver tissues, except in the diseased group, which had necrosis and irregular cell structure.Conclusively, iron-fortified jamun leather helped improve iron deficiency biomarkers and imparted a non-toxic effect on tissues in rats.
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