A simple computer-aided system for storage and selective retrieval of radiological records has been developed. The system is easily tailored to particular specialties in radiology and requires only a few minutes of the radiologist's time for each case. The components of this system are a coded file card and a computer program package. The card used is a standard 8 × 5 in. file card, printed on both sides as illustrated in Fig. 1. Most entries in this card are self-explanatory. Patient number is entered on both sides of the card for convenience in keypunching and control. This number is an internal hospital number but, in anticipation of its likely succession by the national Social Insurance Number, the latter is collected (SIN) when available. Diagnostic coding uses an expanded form of the American College of Radiology (ACR) Index. Space is provided for a brief clinical summary and a summary of the radiological report, neither of which are entered into the computer file. The radiological technician enters the basic patient data onto the card, encircling the appropriate code numbers at the time of examination. Subsequently, the radiologist writes a brief summary of the radiological findings on the card, codes his diagnosis and notes any complications. At the end of each month the completed cases are keypunched and entered into the computer file. The file cards are returned to the Radiology Department to be filed by patient name as a useful quick reference.
Twenty-one periparturient Holstein cows were used to assess the effects of chronic intramuscular growth hormone (GH) and hyperinsulinemic euglycemia (HE) on glucose rate of appearance (Ra) into plasma. Cows were administered intramuscular GH (40 mg) or saline (CTL) daily for 96 h beginning either 25 d prepartum (GH, n=5; CTL, n=6) or 5 d postpartum (GH, n=6; CTL, n=4). Glucose Ra into plasma was determined using tracer methodologies on d 4 of treatment during basal condition and again during a period of HE. The period of HE was initiated immediately after the basal period and lasted for 4 h. It involved a 2 μg*kg−1 infusion of bovine insulin with maintenance of glycemia within 10% of the pre-insulin baseline by intrajugular infusion of exogenous glucose. The HE decreased endogenous glucose Ra to a greater extent postpartum than it did prepartum (P<0.001). Chronic GH increased endogenous glucose Ra (P=0.03); however there were no interactions of GH with physiological state (pre- vs. postpartum) or degree of suppression of endogenous Ra by HE. The amount of exogenous glucose needed to maintain euglycemia during HE was not affected by GH (P≥0.20). In conclusion, there were no interactions of chronic GH with insulin relative to glucose metabolism. However, insulin did have differential effects on glucose metabolism during the pre-and postpartum periods. Project funded by internal sources.
Four Dorset wethers were studied in a Latin square design with 72-h periods to determine the metabolic adaptations that occur in support of increased glucose demand in ruminants. Wethers injected at 8-h intervals with excipient or a total of .5, 1.0, or 2.0 g/d of phlorizin excreted an average of 0, 72.7, 97.9, and 98.5 g/d of glucose into the urine, respectively. Both acute (2 to 24 h after the first injection) and chronic (8-h intervals from 8 to 72 h after the first injection) adaptations of plasma variables to phlorizin treatment were assessed. Concentrations of plasma glucose decreased linearly with increasing phlorizin dose during the 1st 24 h of treatment and tended to decrease linearly with phlorizin dose during 8 to 72 h of treatment. Urea N tended to increase linearly during 2 to 24 h and increased linearly during 8 to 72 h. Nonesterified fatty acids increased linearly with phlorizin injection during the entire treatment period. β-Hydroxybutyrate increased quadratically with phlorizin injection during 2 to 24 h and tended to increase quadratically during 8 to 72 h. The ratio of insulin to glucagon tended to decrease linearly with phlorizin injection during the 1st 24 h but was unaffected from 8 to 72 h. Triiodothyronine, but not thyroxine, tended to decrease linearly with phlorizin injection during 8 to 72 h. Cortisol was not affected by treatment. Digestibilities of energy and N were not affected by treatment. Urinary energy excretion increased with phlorizin injection in proportion to the amounts of glucose excreted into the urine. These data indicate that phlorizin-treated wethers largely adapted to phlorizin treatment by 24 h after the first injection and are a suitable model for further investigations of hepatic adaptation to increased glucose demand in ruminants.
Nutritional management of the transition cow has been a topic of intense research focus for more than 20 years (Grummer, 1995), and during this time many nutritional innovations for the transition cow have been developed and deployed within the dairy industry. Among others, these include decreasing the dietary cation-anion difference of the prepartum diet for management of hypocalcemia, the introduction of “controlled energy” dietary strategies for dry cows to improve the dynamics of energy metabolism and dry matter intake (DMI) during the peripartal period, increased focus on metabolizable protein and amino acid supply to the prepartum cow with some evidence of improved postcalving performance, and the targeted supply of nutrients (e.g., rumen-protected choline) to improve aspects of metabolic health and productivity of transition cows. Furthermore, the importance of management of nonnutritional factors (e.g. stocking density, commingling of multiparous and primiparous cows preand postpartum, streamlining grouping changes for transition cows, and mitigating heat stress) is now recognized as a pivotal part of optimizing transition cow health and performance (Cook and Nordlund, 2004; Tao and Dahl, 2013). Collectively, these improvements in both nutritional management of transition cows and management of nonnutritional factors have led to greatly improved health and performance on many dairy farms.
