Brain development implies cell growth with peaks at different ages according to brain areas, and also cell death or synapse elimination associated with learning.The normal aging process implies a slow neuronal loss from early adulthood to senescence.Cell loss is
BACKGROUNDReduced level of physical activity, high-fat diet and skeletal muscle atrophy are key factors that are likely to contribute to deleterious changes in body composition and metabolic following spinal cord injury (SCI).Reduced caloric intake with lowering percentage macronutrients of fat and increasing protein intake may likely to improve body composition parameters and decrease ectopic adiposity after SCI. AIMTo highlight the effects of dietary manipulation and testosterone replacement therapy (TRT) on body composition after SCI METHODS A 31-year-old male with T5 SCI was administered transdermal TRT daily for 16 wk.Caloric intake and percentage macronutrients were analyzed using dietary recalls.Magnetic resonance imaging and dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry were used to measure changes in body composition. RESULTSCaloric intake and fat percentage were reduced by 445 kcal/d and 6.5%, respectively.Total body weight decreased by 8%, body fat decreased by 29%, and lean mass increased by 7%.Thigh subcutaneous adipose tissue cross-sectional
Background. A deficiency of D-chiro-inositol-inositolphosphoglycan mediator (DCI-IPG) may contribute to insulin resistance in polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). Whether the relationship between impaired DCI-IPG release and insulin resistance is specific to PCOS rather than obesity is unknown. We assessed insulin-released DCI-IPG and its relationship to insulin sensitivity at baseline and after weight loss in obese women with and without PCOS. Methods. Obese PCOS (n=16) and normal (n=15) women underwent 8 weeks of a hypocaloric diet. The Matsuda index, area under the curve DCI-IPG (AUCDCI-IPG),AUCinsulin, andAUCDCI-IPG/AUCinsulinwere measured during a 2 hr OGTT at baseline and 8 weeks. Results. PCOS women had lowerAUCDCI-IPG/AUCinsulinat baseline and a significant relationship betweenAUCDCI-IPG/AUCinsulinand Matsuda index (p=0.0003), which was not present in controls. Weight loss was similar between PCOS (−4.08 kg) and normal women (−4.29 kg,p=0.6281). Weight loss in PCOS women did not change the relationship betweenAUCDCI-IPG/AUCinsulinand Matsuda index (p=0.0100), and this relationship remained absent in control women. Conclusion. The association betweenAUCDCI-IPG/AUCinsulinand insulin sensitivity was only found in PCOS but not in normal women, and this relationship was unaffected by weight loss. DCI and its messenger may contribute to insulin resistance in PCOS independent of obesity.
<i>Background/Aims:</i> To evaluate the metabolic effects of meals with varying glycemic index (GI). <i>Methods:</i> We measured the glucose, insulin and leptin responses to two contrasting breakfast cereals in a group of 10 young healthy volunteers. Meals were provided on two separate occasions in random order after a 12-hour overnight fast, and consisted of 50 g of available carbohydrate from either Corn Flakes (Kellogg’s), or Fiber One® (General Mills). Blood samples were obtained at rest, and 30, 60, 90 and 120 min after eating. The GI was calculated from the glucose response to the test meal normalized against a 50 g oral glucose load. <i>Results:</i> The GI for Corn Flakes was 125 ± 17 units and 49 ± 8 units for Fiber One®. These meals were classified as high GI and low GI, respectively, and were significantly different from each other (p < 0.0003). The area under the insulin response curve (AUC) following the low glycemic meal was significantly attenuated compared to the high glycemic meal (14,064 ± 2,694 vs. 6,828 ± 1,182 pmol/l·min, p < 0.02). The leptin AUC revealed that circulating leptin was suppressed by the high glycemic meal compared to the low (3.1 ± 1.5 vs. 9.6 ± 3.6 ng/ml·min, p < 0.04). <i>Conclusions:</i> Lower insulin and higher leptin suggests that low glycemic meals promote a postprandial metabolic milieu that is favorable for reduced food consumption; this may be advantageous in the control of obesity and related disorders including insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes.
