Microbial amylases are commercially available and have almost completely replaced the chemical hydrolysis of starch in various industrial processes. Microbial amylases have a wide range of applications because they are more stable than amylases obtained from plants and animals. This work sought to isolate filamentous fungi from three different samples collected in Janaúba, in the north of the state of Minas Gerais, to select a filamentous fungus that produces amylases, to determine the best cultivation conditions for the selected fungus for amylase production, and to analyze the biochemical characteristics of the enzyme. After collecting the samples for the isolation of filamentous fungi, the macroscopic morphological characteristics of the fungi, the microculture for the determination of the possible genus, and the effect of temperature on fungal growth were determined. The screening of the fungi was performed in a submerged medium to characterize the amylase-producing microorganism through the analysis of the physicochemical parameters of the medium concerning the source of nitrogen, the type of salt solution, and the source of carbon, as well as to optimize the production of amylase. The biochemical characterization of the enzyme was performed. The fungus Penicillium sp. (L1) was selected, and the greatest production of amylase was observed in submerged Carvalho-Peixoto (CP) medium associated with Wesson salts using yeast extract and starch as nitrogen and carbon sources, respectively, at 30 ºC, over seven days. The optimum temperature and pH of the assay were 60 ºC and 5.5, respectively. Thus, the northern region of Minas Gerais was an excellent source for the strains that exhibited a potential for the production of amylase for use in industry, indicating that the fungus Penicillium sp. (L1) and the amylase produced have a relevant potential for biotechnological applications.
Amylases are used in numerous industrial applications for converting starch into products of greater value. This work aimed to prospect filamentous fungi, analyze the morphological and physiological characteristics of the isolates; as well as to select an amylase producing fungus and to optimize the parameters for the cultivation of the microorganism and biochemically characterize the amylase. Among 21 filamentous fungi isolated in Janaúba, state of Minas Gerais, Brazil, the best amylase producer was selected for standardization of culture parameters and subsequent enzymatic characterization. Maximum activity was obtained in CP medium after six days of cultivation at 30 °C. Amylases produced by this fungus are stable to variations in pH and temperature, exhibited optimum activities at 65 oC and pH 6.0, and were significantly activated in the presence of 5 and 10 mm KH2PO4.
Objetivo: conhecer a prevalência da automedicação e os fatores associados a essa prática entre os acadêmicos do curso de Enfermagem. Método: trata-se de um estudo quantitativo, descritivo e transversal, no qual foram avaliados 143 questionários, tabulados pelo Programa Excel. Apresentaram-se figuras para a síntese dos resultados. Resultados: identificou-se que a prevalência da automedicação foi de 97,9%, sendo os analgésicos/antitérmicos (50,71%), os anti-inflamatórios (18,57%) e os antialérgicos (12,86%) as classes terapêuticas mais utilizadas. Apurou-se que as queixas mais apontadas como motivos para a automedicação foram as dores de cabeça (53,57%), as alergias (18,57%) e as infecções de garganta (17,14%). Conclusão: observou-se alta prevalência da automedicação e se demonstrou a necessidade de se fortalecer a educação dos universitários para o uso racional de medicamentos a fim de se preservar a sua própria segurança, bem como a dos seus futuros pacientes. Descritores: Automedicação; Reação Adversa; Preparações Farmacêuticas; Anti-inflamatórios; Estudantes de Enfermagem; Farmacoepidemiologia.Abstract Objective: to know the prevalence of self-medication and the factors associated with this practice among nursing students. Method: This is a quantitative, descriptive and cross-sectional study, in which 143 questionnaires were evaluated and tabulated by the Excel Program. Figures were presented for the synthesis of the results. Results: the prevalence of self-medication was 97.9%, with analgesics/antipyretics (50.71%), anti-inflammatory drugs (18.57%) and anti-allergic drugs (12.86%) were the most used therapeutic classes. The most common complaints as reasons for self-medication were headaches (53.57%), allergies (18.57%) and throat infections (17.14%). Conclusion: a high prevalence of self-medication was observed and demonstrated the need to strengthen university education for the rational use of drugs to preserve their own safety and their future patient's safety. Descriptors: Self-Medication; Adverse Reactions; Pharmaceutical Preparations; Anti-inflammatory Agents; Students Nursing; Pharmacoepidemiology. Resumen Objetivo: conocer la prevalencia de la automedicación y los factores asociados a esa práctica entre los académicos del curso de Enfermería. Método: se trata de un estudio cuantitativo, descriptivo y transversal, en el cual 143 cuestionarios fueron evaluados, tabulados por el Programa Excel. Se presentaron figuras para la síntesis de los resultados. Resultados: se identificó que la prevalencia de la automedicación fue de 97,9%, siendo los analgésicos/antitérmicos (50,71%), los anti-inflamatorios (18,57%) y los antialérgicos (12,86%) las clases terapéuticas más utilizadas. Se observó que las quejas más destacadas como motivos para la automedicación fueron los dolores de cabeza (53,57%), las alergias (18,57%) y las infecciones de garganta (17,14%). Conclusión: se observó una alta prevalencia de la automedicación y se demostró la necesidad de fortalecerse la educación de los universitarios para el uso racional de medicamentos para preservarse su propia seguridad, así como la de sus futuros pacientes. Descriptores: Automedicación; Efectos Colaterales; Preparaciones Farmacéuticas; Antiinflamatorios; Estudiantes de Enfermería; Farmacoepidemiogía.
Cutaneous malignant melanoma is a skin cancer type highly resistant to standard cancer therapies. Natural compounds have been reported as important sources for the creation of new drugs for cancer treatment. Caryocar brasiliense Camb., popularly known as Pequi, is often used in Brazilian folk medicine, with anticancer effects reported. Objectives: The present study evaluated the antiproliferative activity of the crude extract butanolic fraction of the C. brasiliense Camb. peel on the B16F10 cell linage C. brasiliense peel fraction was analyzed by Gas Chromatography coupled to massa spectra, and its biological effects were evaluated on the melanoma cell line B16F10. The chromatography analysis of the butanolic fraction of the C. brasiliense peel fraction identified a majority presence of gallic acid and sarothrin compounds. These compounds might have been responsible for an antiproliferative effect on B16F10, with the inhibitory concentration (IC50) equal to 390.9 µg/mL (24 h) and 226.4 µg/mL (48 h) after treatments. Our results revealed that cell death assay via bromide and acridine orange tests indicated an increase in cell death observed after 24 h treatment with the pequi fraction at 250 μg/mL (p < 0.05) and 500 μg/mL (p < 0.01). In addition, a significant increase in cell death at 250 μg/mL (p < 0.01) and 500 μg/mL (p < 0.0001) occurred after 48 h. Furthermore, a significant reduction in migratory activity in cells treated at 250 μg/mL (p < 0.05) and 500 μg/mL (p < 0.01) occurred and was enhanced by the 48 h treatment (p < 0.001). The present study is the first to demonstrate the use of "Pequi" residual by product as a potential reservoir of bioactive compounds with antiproliferative activity on B16F10 melanoma cells.
Lychnophora ericoides Mart. (Asteraceae) is a Brazilian plant commonly used in folk medicine to treat pain and inflammation by topical administration. In recent years, this medicine has begun to be used orally. However, no study concerning its toxicity profile has been reported. The study evaluates the potential toxicity of the ethanolic extract from leaves of the Lychnophora ericoides, through the methods of acute and sub-acute oral administration in mice. An acute toxicity study was performed according to the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development protocol (OECD 423). A single extract dose of 50, 300, and 2000 mg/kg (n = 3/group) was administered orally to female Swiss mice. For subacute toxicity, the protocol OECD 407 was followed. Doses of 50, 300, and 500 mg/kg (n = 10/group) of the extract were administered daily to Swiss mice of both sexes for 28 days. Abnormal behavior, muscle strength, toxic symptoms, weight, and death were observed when assessing toxicity. Biochemical analysis, hematological analysis, macroscopic examination, and histopathological examination of several organs were conducted at the end of the treatment period. In acute and subacute toxicity, the extract did not produce mortality. The acute toxicity study revealed alterations in the behavioral test and histopathological changes in the liver, kidney, lung, and spleen. The subacute oral toxicity test showed changes in hematologic and biochemical parameters. Histopathological examination of liver, kidney, spleen, lung, and heart indicated degenerative characteristics with inflammatory infiltrates focus. The study results suggest that oral use of Lychnophora ericoides leaves extract should be performed with caution in low doses in both single and repeated administrations.